Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Citrus madurensis; calamondin synonym:×Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands, ×Citrofortunella mitis (Blanco) J. W. Ingram & H. E. Moore, Citrus microcarpa Bunge, Citrus mitis Blanco , Citrofortunella microcarpa

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

6

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "The calamondin almost certainly originated in China as a natural hybridbetween a sour, loose skined madarin, probably Citrus reticulata and a kumquat, perhaps Fortunella marginata."

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?50008 (03 April 2003)

cult. in e. Asia & elsewhere, origin China

2.02

2.03

(1)Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1)p.118 "Calamondin thrives in warm climates but can also grow in cool but frost-free areas." (2)is usually grown in the lowlands, 0-500 m

2.04

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "The calamondin almost certainly originated in China"

2.05

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "It subsequently spread and was widely distributed in in the Orient, especially in Indonesiaand thePhilippines, during early times. At present it is widely grown in India and throughout South and South-East Asia . It can also be found in Australia, Japan, the United States, the Bahamas, some island of the West indies and part of Central America."

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "slightly spiny"

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://pppis.fao.org/

not used as fodder

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Barrion, A. T. and L. A. Corpuz-Raros (1975). "Studies on citrus mites (Acarina): biology of Eotetranychus cendanai Rimando (Tetranychidae) and population trends in Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu (Tenuipalpidae)." Philippine Entomologist 3(1): 30-45.

AB: "Eotetranychus cendanai Rimando, a common phytophagous mite on citrus in the Philippines." [host for major citrus pests including Carribean fruit fly]

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

http://www.skh.com/PlantCare/calamondin.pdf

"Light: Maximum light; sunny"

4.1

(1)Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/calamondin.html

(1)p.118 "It can grow over a widerange of soil types from clay loan to limestone to sand." (2)The tree seems able to tolerate a wide range of soils from clay-loam in the Philippines to limestone or sand in Florida.

4.11

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117" shrub or treelet, 2 - 7.5m tall"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub or treelet; Rutaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub or treelet

6.01

no evidence [natural habitat]

6.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "Seedsgerminate in 10-15 days."

6.03

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "The calamondin almost certainly originated in China as a natural hybridbetween a sour, loose skined madarin, probably Citrus reticulata and a kumquat, perhaps Fortunella marginata." [it IS a hybrid but don't know if it is cross fertile. Polyembyonic seeds may be the result of apomixis]

6.04

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "The flowers are self-fertile."

6.05

typical citrus flower [insect]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.118 "clonal trees come from mature tree bearing 3 years after planting; seedling after about 6 years."

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "At present it is widely grown in India and throughout South and South-East Asia . It can also be found in Australia, Japan, the United States, the Bahamas, some island of the West indies and part of Central America."

7.03

fruit with seeds is the product

7.04

fleshy fruit

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence [not damaged by birds]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

(1) Cereda, E. and J. R. L. d. Camargo (1982). "Phenological studies in calamondin (Citrus madurensis Lour.)." Proceedings of the Tropical Region 25: 147-151.
(2) Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

(1) Six-year-old calamondins on Rangpur lime were studied. Average tree height was 2.62 m and the average diameter of the canopy was 2.37 m. On average, fruits contained 7.95 seeds/fruit with a seed weight of 0.17 g/seed.
(2) p.118 "at the age of six years, a calamondin tree may bear as many as 5000 fruits."; "each seed contain 3-5 embryos." [5000 fruit/tree = ca. 39750 seeds on a canopy of 4.4 per square meter = ca. 9350 seeds per square meter ]

8.02

Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 2 : Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen. 447pp.

p.117 "Seedsgerminate in 10-15 days."

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence