Cissus repens Lam. Family - Vitaceae. Common Names(s) - Cissus. Synonym(s) - Cissus cordata Roxburgh; C. glauca Roxburgh; C. repens var. sinensis Handel-Mazzetti; Vitis repens (Lamarck) Wight & Arnott.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)India, China to New Guinea, NE Australia (N Queensland) (2)Eastern tropical Himalaya, Khasia, Assam and Silhet, and the Malay Archipelago.

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. (2)Talbot, W. A. 1902. Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Woody-climbers of the Bombay Presidency. The Government Central Press. Bombay, India.

2.02

(1)India, China to New Guinea, NE Australia (N Queensland)

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

2.03

(1)Forests in valleys, shrublands on hillsides; 100–1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia]. [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Hui, R. 2007. Cissus. Flora of China 12: 184–188. Available from http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Cissus.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

2.04

(1)Forests in valleys, shrublands on hillsides; 100–1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia]. [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Hui, R. 2007. Cissus. Flora of China 12: 184–188. Available from http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Cissus.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Hui, R. 2007. Cissus. Flora of China 12: 184–188. Available from http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Cissus.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

3.01

(1)"According to the taxonomic expert in Australia we have found the true C. repens, and it is the first record of this sp. in the state. It was apparently naturalized, if not secretly planted in a natural area- either way it was fruiting, with juicy purple berries" [possible new record of naturalization on the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands]

(1)Lau, A. 2009. Personal Communication. Early Detection Botanist. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, HI.

3.02

see question 3.02

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cissus_repens/ [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

3.03

(1)Weeds reported to occur in rice in Laos [table lists Cissus repens] (2)Weed [listed as a native weed of agriculture in the area] [economic impacts not clear; transfer to disturbance weed pending evidence]]

(1)Moody, K. 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia: Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia. Int. Rice Res. Inst. Los Baños, Philippines. (2)Koo, S.K., Chin, Y.W., Kwon, Y.W., Cung, H.A. (2000) Common Weeds in Vietnam. Agriculture Publishing House, Vietnam.

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cissus_repens/ [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

3.05

1)Cissus sicioydes is a weed in citrus crop in Cuba and subjected to control (2)Cissus,incisa, ,ivy treebine,"Source: "USA Composite List of Weeds" published by WSSA WEEDS 14: 347-386, 1966",,WSSA WEEDS 14: 1966

(1)Casamayor, R. & Prieto, V. (1996) Some observations on Cissus sicioydes [C. sicyoides] L. and its control in citrus crops. (Foreign Title: Algunas observaciones sobre Cissus sicioydes L. y su control en el cultivo de los cítricos.) Centro Agrícola, 1996, Vol. 23, No. 1/3, pp. 16-24, 5 ref. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/global/australia/san.html

4.01

(1)stems fleshy, dark green, often reddish when young, glabrous, glaucous, producing copious mucilage when broken [no evidence]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

4.04

(1)Potential native forage species and their average productivity in the grazing lands of Rasuwa [includes C. repens] (2)(foliage (stock) Agri-horticulture: fodder [related species Cissus populnea] (3)Cissus javanica…plant used as fodder [related species palatable]

(1)http://www.fao.org/AG/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/TAPAFON/TAP_12.PDF [Accessed 03 Mar 2009] (2)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.5_551&pgs= [Accessed 03 Mar 2009] (3)Manandhar, S. 2002. Plants and people of Nepal. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon.

4.05

(1)Potential native forage species and their average productivity in the grazing lands of Rasuwa [includes C. repens, no evidence of toxicity]

(1)http://www.fao.org/AG/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/TAPAFON/TAP_12.PDF [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

4.06

(1)Treebines are very susceptible to attacks by mealybugs, red spider mites, scales and aphids [Genus description. No information found on pests or pathogens of C. repens]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

4.07

(1)C. repens. A long slender climber; leaf poultice reduces the inflammation of boils [no evidence of toxicity] (2)Cissus repens…Flexible stems are used to tie boars. [no mention of toxicity or allergies to people who handle plant] (3)berries edible to people [food plant with no mention of allergies or toxicity]

(1)Alam, M. K. 1992. Medical Ethnobotany of the Marma Tribe of Bangladesh. Economic Botany, Vol. 46, No. 3: 330-335. (2)Awasthi, A. K. 1991. Ethnobotanical Studies of the Negrito Islanders of Andaman Islands, India: The Great Andamanese. Economic Botany, Vol. 45, No. 2: 274-280. (3)Sundriyal, M., R. C. Sundriyal, E. Sharma. 2004. Dietary Use of Wild Plant Resources in the Sikkim Himalaya, India full access. Economic Botany 58(4): 626–638.

4.08

(1)Stems ± succulent, mucilage copious, [no evidence, and succulent stems with mucilage unlikely to burn]

(1)http://www.rainforests.net.au/climbing-plants%5Bgreen%5D/images-pages%5Bgreen%5D/page-088.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

4.09

(1)Exposure Full shade to partial sun [description of range among Cissus spp.]

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.10

(1)Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, salt intolerant, somewhat drought tolerant [description of Cissus spp., widespread species C. repens with broad elevational range likely to grow on many soil types]

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.11

(1)Vine (2)A stout, glabrous climber

(1)Matthew, K. M. 1995. An Excursion Flora of Central Tamilnadu, India. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)Talbot, W. A. 1902. Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Woody-climbers of the Bombay Presidency. The Government Central Press. Bombay, India.

4.12

(1)Vine (2)A stout, glabrous climber [vines & climbers receive a "yes" response to Question 4.11]

(1)Matthew, K. M. 1995. An Excursion Flora of Central Tamilnadu, India. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)Talbot, W. A. 1902. Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Woody-climbers of the Bombay Presidency. The Government Central Press. Bombay, India.

5.01

(1)forest, evergreen thicket, rocky hillsides [terrestrial] (2)The aquatic vegetation is dominated by Cissus repens [not truly aquatic]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. (2)Claridge, G. 1996. An Inventory of Wetlands of the Lao P.D.R. IUCN. Bangkok, Thailand.

5.02

(1)Vitaceae

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

5.03

(1)Vitaceae

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

5.04

(1)Tubers absent.

(1)http://www.rainforests.net.au/climbing-plants%5Bgreen%5D/images-pages%5Bgreen%5D/page-088.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

6.02

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

6.03

Unknown - no evidence of any hybridization in the genus Cissus - but this genus also does not seem to be well studied or represented in the literature.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Inflorescence umbelliform, terminal or leaf-opposed; peduncle 1–3 cm, glabrous. Pedicel 2–4 mm, nearly glabrous. Buds oval, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse. Calyx entire or undulate. Petals triangularovate, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Anthers ovoid-elliptic. Lower part of ovary adnate to disk; style conical; stigma slightly expanded. [unspecialized flowers likely insect pollinated] (2)Pollination is entomophilous [family description]

(1)Hui, R. 2007. Cissus. Flora of China 12: 184–188. Available from http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Cissus.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009] (2)Sharma, O. P. 1993. Plant Taxonomy. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Delhi, India.

6.06

(1)easily propagated from stem cuttings or by seed [possibly, but no evidence from natural settings]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description] [relatively large-seeded and fruits and seeds with no means of external attachment]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

7.02

(1)There are a few ornamental climbers from Ampelopsis, Cissus …[Vitaceae family description and other Cissus species planted as ornamentals and perhaps also for edible berries]

(1)Kubitzki, K., K.U. Kramer, P.S. Green, J. G. Rohwer, V. Bittrich, H. Huber, J. W. Kadereit, C. Jeffrey. 2007. The families and genera of vascular plants. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

7.03

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description] [no evidence of contamination in produce and unlikely given relatively large seeds]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

7.04

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

7.05

(1)The aquatic vegetation is dominated by Cissus repens [occurrence in rice fields suggests possible water dispersal, but no information on buoyancy of fruit/seeds]

(1)Claridge, G. 1996. An Inventory of Wetlands of the Lao P.D.R. IUCN. Bangkok, Thailand.

7.06

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

7.07

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description] [probably not - seeds and fruits relatively large with no means of external attachment]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

7.08

(1)Fruit small berries, subglobular, ovoid or obovoid, usually 1-seeded, purple to black [genus description],,,Fruit obovoid-pyriform, 6-9 x 4-6.5 mm, black; Seed pyriform, 6-6.5 x 5-5.5 mm [species description]

(1)Eggli, U. 2002. Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

8.01

(1)Berry 0.8–1.2 cm × 4–8 mm, 1-seeded. Seed surface smooth, with sparse ribs.

(1)Hui, R. 2007. Cissus. Flora of China 12: 184–188. Available from http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Cissus.pdf [Accessed 03 Mar 2009]

8.02

Unknown - No information found regarding seed longevity.

8.03

Unknown - No information found regarding control with herbicides.

8.04

(1)easily propagated from stem cuttings [Possibly can tolerate mutilation - some members of genus easily propagated vegetatively]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

8.05

Unknown