Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cissus discolor Blume, Vitis discolor, Cissus javana, (rex begonia vine, mottle cissus, begonia cissus, begonia treebine, tapestry vine)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Native:
ASIA
China: China
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India - Assam, Sikkim; Nepal
Indo-China: Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cissus+discolor (07 July 2004)

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range 10A to 11 [description of Cissus spp.] (2)Minimum temp 15c/59f. (3)The begonia treebine prefers 65° to 70° at night, 75° to 85° during the day, and a high humidity, about 50 per cent.

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue11.html (3)http://www.exoticangel.com/Varieties/Cissus.htm

2.04

Native:
ASIA
China: China
ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India - Assam, Sikkim; Nepal
Indo-China: Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cissus+discolor (07 July 2004)

2.05

"is grown ornamentally in many tropical countries"

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

(1)Cissus sicioydes is a weed in citrus crop in Cuba and subjected to control (2)Cissus,incisa, ,ivy treebine,,,,"Source: "USA Composite List of Weeds" published by WSSA WEEDS 14: 347-386, 1966",,WSSA WEEDS 14: 1966

(1)Casamayor, R. & Prieto, V. (1996) Some observations on Cissus sicioydes [C. sicyoides] L. and its control in citrus crops. (Foreign Title: Algunas observaciones sobre Cissus sicioydes L. y su control en el cultivo de los cítricos.) Centro Agrícola, 1996, Vol. 23, No. 1/3, pp. 16-24, 5 ref. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/global/australia/san.html

4.01

no description of these traits

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Botrytis cinerea [generalist]

Farr, D.F., Rossman, A.Y., Palm, M.E., & McCray, E.B. (n.d.) Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved July 7, 2004, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

4.07

The sour leaves and young shoots are eaten mixed with other vegetables

Cissus javana [Internet] Record number 2235 from TEXTFILE On-line. http://www.proseanet.org/dbtw-prosea/eprosea/textfile/

4.08

plant grows in humid environments

http://www.tedsgreenhouse.com/rex_begonia_vine.htm

4.09

(1)Full sun or part sun. (2)Exposure Full shade to partial sun [description of range among Cissus spp.] (3)prefer bright indirect or curtain-filtered sunlight; if only artificial light is available, provide at least 400 foot-candles (4)PART SHADE TO SHADE

(1)http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue11.html (2)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3)http://www.exoticangel.com/Varieties/Cissus.htm (4)http://www.tedsgreenhouse.com/rex_begonia_vine.htm

4.1

Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, salt intolerant, somewhat drought tolerant [description of Cissus spp.]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.11

"slender, tendril bearing vine, climbinf to about 15 feet high

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

vine, Vitaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

"Even in greenhouse, this will definitely rest during winter, shedding its lvs and extended vine stems, but maintaining the thick nearly tuberous central base and soft trunk during which period you need to keep it barely moist. Do not let it dry out during this period or you will observe the terminal dormancy of this fantastically beautiful species. "

http://www.glasshouseworks.com/trop-c.html

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagate by cuttings or seeds. [description of Cissus spp. but could not find evidence of seeds for sale; it is propagated by cuttings]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

"The small yellowish flower differ from those of the grape in being four parted, the petals not joined but spreading open, and the clusters developing at leaf axils." [no signs of adaptation to specialist pollinator]

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

6.06

no evidence

6.07

vine to a length of 3-4 feet in one season.

http://landcraftenvironmentswholesale.com/detail.aspx?ID=5190

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"is grown ornamentally in many tropical countries"

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"The fruit is a small one seeded, inedible berry." [bird dispersal syndrome]

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

7.05

no evidence

7.06

"The fruit is a small one seeded, inedible berry." [bird dispersal syndrome]

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

(1)one seeded [for relative Cissus quadrangula] (2)"The fruit is a small one seeded, inedible berry."

(1)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/cissus.html (2)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.544

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

"Even in greenhouse, this will definitely rest during winter, shedding its lvs and extended vine stems, but maintaining the thick nearly tuberous central base and soft trunk during which period you need to keep it barely moist. Do not let it dry out during this period or you will observe the terminal dormancy of this fantastically beautiful species. " [ability to regrow from underground parts]

http://www.glasshouseworks.com/trop-c.html

8.05

no evidence