Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. Family - Chenopodiaceae. Common Names(s) -Tasmanian goosefoot, Clammy goosefoot, ridged goosefoot. Synonym(s) - Chenopodium pumilio R. Br., Teloxys pumilio (R. Br.) W.A. Weber; Dysphania carinata

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

9

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to Australia.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.02

(1)Native to Australia.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.03

(1)In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in relatively dry, disturbed sites, 0-1,200 m" [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.04

(1)Also naturalized on Ni‘ihau, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Hawai‘i, this is the first record of Chenopodium carinatum from Kaua‘i. It was found growing as an aggressive weed in a garden.

(1)Lorence, D. H. and T. Flynn. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, N. L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

2.05

(1)Also naturalized on Ni‘ihau, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Hawai‘i, this is the first record of Chenopodium carinatum from Kaua‘i. It was found growing as an aggressive weed in a garden. (2)naturalized in the Pacific States, and widely spread from southern Oregon to southern California. (3)naturalized in South Africa (4)A weed of disturbed ground in the Flora Zambesiaca area Distribution Botswana SE: Mochudi, Phutodikobo Hill, fl. & fr. 14.iii.1967, Mitchison 49 (K). Zimbabwe C: Marondera fl. & fr. 12.xii.1971, Clatworthy 214452 (K; SRGH). S: Gwanda, fl. & fr. xi.1976, Erasmus 249997 (SRGH).

(1)Lorence, D. H. and T. Flynn. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, N. L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13. (2)Abrams, L. R. and R, Stinchfield Ferris. 1944. llustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Washington, Oregon, and California: Polygonaceae to krameriaceae, buckwheats to kramerias. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (3)Cilliers, S. S. and G.J. Bredenkamp. 2000. Vegetation of road verges on an urbanisation gradient in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 46: 217-239. (4)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ6659&pgs= [Accessed 16 Apr 2009]

3.01

(1)Also naturalized on Ni‘ihau, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Hawai‘i, this is the first record of Chenopodium carinatum from Kaua‘i. It was found growing as an aggressive weed in a garden. (2)naturalized in the Pacific States, and widely spread from southern Oregon to southern California. (3)naturalized in South Africa (4)A weed of disturbed ground in the Flora Zambesiaca area Distribution Botswana SE: Mochudi, Phutodikobo Hill, fl. & fr. 14.iii.1967, Mitchison 49 (K). Zimbabwe C: Marondera fl. & fr. 12.xii.1971, Clatworthy 214452 (K; SRGH). S: Gwanda, fl. & fr. xi.1976, Erasmus 249997 (SRGH).

(1)Lorence, D. H. and T. Flynn. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, N. L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13. (2)Abrams, L. R. and R, Stinchfield Ferris. 1944. llustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Washington, Oregon, and California: Polygonaceae to krameriaceae, buckwheats to kramerias. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (3)Cilliers, S. S. and G.J. Bredenkamp. 2000. Vegetation of road verges on an urbanisation gradient in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 46: 217-239. (4)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ6659&pgs= [Accessed 16 Apr 2009]

3.02

(1)Also naturalized on Ni‘ihau, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Hawai‘i, this is the first record of Chenopodium carinatum from Kaua‘i. It was found growing as an aggressive weed in a garden. (2)In addition to those weeds discussed in the previous section, a few non-native plants warrant brief mention due to their prevalence in the monitoring plots. Of all plants recorded within the exclosure, dead Chenopodium carinatum (Chenopodiaceae) had the highest average cover value at 7.1% (n = 50; Table 5). This malodorous annual herb, native to Australia, is not reported in the literature as being problematic, but it does tend to carpet the ground in places within and outside of the exclosure. (3)agricultural weed, casual alien, garden thug, naturalised, weed

(1)Lorence, D. H. and T. Flynn. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, N. L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13. (2)USGS-BRD. 2001. DODONAEA KIPUKA, MONITORING AND EXPERIMENTAL RESTORATION LOWLAND DRY FOREST RESTORATION PROJECT KANAIO NATIONAL GUARD TRAINING AREA KANAIO, MAUI ISLAND. Prepared for: Hawaii Army National Guard Environmental Office 3949 Diamond Head Road Honolulu, HI 96816-4495 (3)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/chenopodium_carinatum/ [Accessed 16 Apr 2009]

3.03

(1)In Papua New Guinea, "reported as a weed from an open village space at 500 m altitude and from tobacco cultivation in the Markham Valley" [no mention of lowered crop yield]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

3.04

(1)Not listed as a serious environmental weed

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/chenopodium_carinatum/ [Accessed 16 Apr 2009]

3.05

(1)Chenopodium album. Listed as a worldwide weed of agriculture and also certain natural areas.

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK.

4.01

(1)Prostrate or ascending (elsewhere also ± erect) annual herb, 15-35 (elsewhere up to 100) cm long, much branched; stem and branches with short hairs, at least some tipped with yellow glands. Leaves ± distinctly petioled, elliptic-ovate, 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.5 (elsewhere up to 7.5 x 5) cm, with obtuse to acute apex and ± decurrent base, dentate or ± deeply lobed hairy like branches especially on petiole and nerves

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

4.02

(1)The diagnostic species which are the sprawling annual forbs Chenopodium carinatum and Limeum viscosum (species group H, Table 1) and other prostrate forbs such as Guilleminea densa, Alternanthera pungens and Gomphrena celosioides (species group P, Table 1) and the sprawling grass Tragus berteronianus (species group V, Table 1) form the low layer. The Chenopodium carinatum±Urochloa mosambicensis Sub-community is, however, better characterised by the presence of the dominant species, Urochloa mosambicensis (species group R, Table 1) which forms part of the intermediate layer. [no evidence of allelopathy, and can grow with several other species]

(1)Cilliers, S. S. and G.J. Bredenkamp. 2000. Vegetation of road verges on an urbanisation gradient in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 46: 217-239.

4.03

(1)Malodorous annual herbs

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1)As pasture composition changed, the diet composition of sheep also shifted from predominantly Eleusine tristachya, broadleaf weeds (Hypochoeris radicata and Chenopodium carinatum), and other grasses (Chloris truncata and Eragrostis spp.) to Danthonia spp., annual clovers, broadleaf weeds, and other grasses. [apparently not unpalatable, but ingestion may be toxic to animals. See 4.05] (2)The plant will grow during very dry weather, and, whilst young, affords a tender herbage which sheep will eat, although it is said that cattle and horses do not eat it whilst other herbage is plentiful. This may be accounted for by its having somewhat rough leaves and stems.

(1)Chen, W., J. Scott, G. Blair, R. Lefroy, K. Hutchinson, K. King and C. Harris. 2002. Diet selection and productivity of sheep grazing contrasting pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53(5): 529 - 539. (2)Turner, F. 1891. The Forage Plants of Australia. Department of Agriculture. New South Wales, Australia.

4.05

(1)Plants Causing HCN Poisoning. The cyanogenic plants constitute a very large group, differing widely in botanical relationships. They include the following species: [includes C. carinatum, apparently toxic to sheep]

(1)D'Arcy, J. B. 1990. Sheep Management and Wool Technology. UNSW Press, Kensington, Australia.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

Unknown if humans can be poisoned by plant [see 4.05]

4.08

(1)Prostrate or ascending (elsewhere also ± erect) annual herb, 15-35 (elsewhere up to 100) cm long, much branched; stem and branches with short hairs, at least some tipped with yellow glands [probably not, low growing annual herb]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

4.09

[grows in open or disturbed areas, so probably not very shade tolerant] (1)Woodland habitat in open areas. (2)reported as a weed from an open village space (3)naturalized in relatively dry, disturbed sites

(1)http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/current_research/Ecology_of_Cumberland_Plain_Woodland
/woodland_plants/chenopodium_carinatum [Accessed 17 Apr 2009] (2)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. (3)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.10

(1)Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) 7.9 to 8.5 (alkaline)

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/74000/ [Accessed 16 Apr 2009]

4.11

(1)Prostrate or ascending (elsewhere also ± erect) annual herb, 15-35 (elsewhere up to 100) cm long, much branched; stem and branches with short hairs, at least some tipped with yellow glands. Leaves ± distinctly petioled, elliptic-ovate, 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.5 (elsewhere up to 7.5 x 5) cm, with obtuse to acute apex and ± decurrent base, dentate or ± deeply lobed hairy like branches especially on petiole and nerves

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

4.12

(1)Prostrate or ascending (elsewhere also ± erect) annual herb, 15-35 (elsewhere up to 100) cm long, much branched; stem and branches with short hairs, at least some tipped with yellow glands. Leaves ± distinctly petioled, elliptic-ovate, 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.5 (elsewhere up to 7.5 x 5) cm, with obtuse to acute apex and ± decurrent base, dentate or ± deeply lobed hairy like branches especially on petiole and nerves [can carpet ground, but does not seem to impede other vegetation]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Chenopodiaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Chenopodiaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)Prostrate or ascending (elsewhere also ± erect) annual herb, 15-35 (elsewhere up to 100) cm long, much branched; stem and branches with short hairs, at least some tipped with yellow glands. Leaves ± distinctly petioled, elliptic-ovate, 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.5 (elsewhere up to 7.5 x 5) cm, with obtuse to acute apex and ± decurrent base, dentate or ± deeply lobed hairy like branches especially on petiole and nerves

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

6.01

(1)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown [no evidence]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

6.02

(1)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

6.03

(1)Reputed to hybridise with C. cristatum, the product being called C. × bontei. [unknown if natural hybridization can occur]

(1)http://www.chah.gov.au/chah/apc/interim/Chenopodiaceae.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr 2009]

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)The inconspicuous flowers reportedly are rarely visited by insects and are assumed to be generally anemophilous [family description]

(1)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown [spreads by seeds]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

6.07

(1)Malodorous annual herbs

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.01

(1)Native to Australia; hauling with wool into the surrounding factories, roadsides, railway stations, dumps and agricultural stands, naturalized. Ro. Sk. [inadvertently dispersed as soil contaminant]

(1)Bojnansky, V. and A. Fargasova. 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

7.02

(1)No ornamental or agricultural uses

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.03

(1)Native to Australia; hauling with wool into the surrounding factories, roadsides, railway stations, dumps and agricultural stands, naturalized. Ro. Sk.

(1)Bojnansky, V. and A. Fargasova. 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

7.04

(1)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown [very small seeds, possibly dispersed by wind]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

7.05

(1)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown [very small seeds may be buoyant, but no specific adaptations for water dispersal] (2)C. carinatum included in a list of native plant species recorded at riparian and wetland study sites on the Hawkesbury-Nepean, by river segment

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. (2)http://bgt.clients.squiz.net/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/93420/pdf_4_pp79-106.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr 2009]

7.06

(1)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown [not adapted for bird dispersal]

(1)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

7.07

(1)Native to Australia; hauling with wool into the surrounding factories, roadsides, railway stations, dumps and agricultural stands, naturalized. Ro. Sk. (2)Fruit enveloped in tepals but not concealed at maturity, whitish, glandless; seed compressed globose and distinctly keeled along most of circumference, vertical or diagonal, about 0.6 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown [no means of external attachment, but small seeds could get caught in fur or wool, see Ref. 1]

(1)Bojnansky, V. and A. Fargasova. 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (2)Henty, E. E., ed. 1981. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

7.08

(1)As pasture composition changed, the diet composition of sheep also shifted from predominantly Eleusine tristachya, broadleaf weeds (Hypochoeris radicata and Chenopodium carinatum), and other grasses (Chloris truncata and Eragrostis spp.) to Danthonia spp., annual clovers, broadleaf weeds, and other grasses. [unknown if viable seeds will pass through gut] ] (2)The plant will grow during very dry weather, and, whilst young, affords a tender herbage which sheep will eat, although it is said that cattle and horses do not eat it whilst other herbage is plentiful. This may be accounted for by its having somewhat rough leaves and stems.

(1)Chen, W., J. Scott, G. Blair, R. Lefroy, K. Hutchinson, K. King and C. Harris. 2002. Diet selection and productivity of sheep grazing contrasting pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53(5): 529 - 539. (2)Turner, F. 1891. The Forage Plants of Australia. Department of Agriculture. New South Wales, Australia.

8.01

(1)This plant has a wide geographical range, being found in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and "Western Australia, from the coastal districts to the arid interior, and in some situations it is fairly plentiful ; but this may be accounted for by the great amount of seed the plant will produce when left undisturbed for a time, and the seed germinating readily even under adverse conditions. (2)Chenopodium carinatum at 330 seeds/m2

(1)Turner, F. 1891. The Forage Plants of Australia. Department of Agriculture. New South Wales, Australia. (2)McIvor, J. G. and C. J. Gardener. 1994. Germinable soil seed banks in native pastures in north-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34(8): 1113 - 1119.

8.02

(1)Malodorous annual herbs [seeds persist until following growing season, but longevity of seed bank unknown]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.03

(1)Reported to be controlled by Totril Selective Herbicide (2)Reported to be controlled by Basta Non-Selective Herbicide (3)WEEDS NORMALLY CONTROLLED BY TEBUSAN 500 SC IN AN AMETRYN 500 SC OR DIURON 800 SC OR SPRINT* 900 EC TANKMIX: [included C. carinatum]

(1)http://www.bayernopests.com/resources/products/label/totril_label_1102.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr 2009] (2)http://www.bayernopests.com/resources/products/label/basta_label_0705.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr 2009] (3)http://www.dowagro.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_00a7/0901b803800a7be9.pdf?filepath=/011-10016.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc [Accessed 17 Apr 2009]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Apparently not, as plant is widespread on all major islands (1)In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in relatively dry, disturbed sites, 0-1,200 m" (2)Also naturalized on Ni‘ihau, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Hawai‘i, this is the first record of Chenopodium carinatum from Kaua‘i. It was found growing as an aggressive weed in a garden.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Lorence, D. H. and T. Flynn. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, N. L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.