Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cerbera manghas (syn. Cerbera linnaei Montrouz. (1860), Cerbera odollam auct. non Gaertner.); Madagascar ordeal bean, pink-eyed Cerbera

Answer

1.01

synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq.; Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distribution From the Seychelles towards Indo-China, Taiwan, Thailand, throughout the Malesian area to north-eastern Australia and Melanesia.

Khanh, T.C., 2002. Cerbera manghas L.. [Internet] Record number 995 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Monday, 19 January 2004.

2.02

2.03

(1)tropical in distribution (2)beach plant; This species will stand dry conditions (3)mangrove plant

(1)Khanh, T.C., 2002. Cerbera manghas L.. [Internet] Record number 995 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Monday, 19 January 2004. (2)http://savanna.ntu.edu.au/information/cy/plants_animals_of_the_tip.html (3)http://ratree.psu.ac.th/~bnoparat/MANGROVE.html

2.04

List of countries with natural populations
Asia
Cambodia
[China] Guangdong, Guangxi
India
Indonesia
[Japan] Ryukyu Archipelago
Sri Lanka
Oceania
Australia

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

Hawaii

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. P.692

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

Khanh, T.C., 2002. Cerbera manghas L.. [Internet] Record number 995 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Monday, 19 January 2004.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

"According to two authorites, Burkill and Corner, the seeds are the only poisonous part of the tree, and in Philippines are used for stupefying fish." [no evidence of poisonings of herbivorous mammals]

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.693

4.06

no evidence

4.07

AB: Plant poisoning is normally a problem of young children who unintentionally ingest small quantities of toxic plants with little resulting to morbidity and deaths. In some regions of the world, however, plant poisoning is an important clinical problem causing much morbidity and mortality. While deaths do occur after unintentional poisoning with plants such as Atractylis gummifera (bird-lime or blue thistle) and Blighia sapida (ackee tree), the majority of deaths globally occur following intentional self-poisoning with plants such as Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) and Cerbera manghas (pink-eyed cerbera or sea mango).

Eddleston, M.; Persson, H. (2003) Acute plant poisoning and antitoxin antibodies. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, 2003, Vol.41, No.3, pp.309-315, 61 ref.

4.08

"This species will stand dry conditions although it naturally grows in mangrove swamps "

http://www.barbadine.com/pages/cerbera_manghas_lien.htm

4.09

" Seedlings of Cerberus have strong shade tolerance. It not only can fill gaps of dead trees of Casuarina, but can also grow well in the shade."

http://www.tfri.gov.tw/yb/88e/3-4-4.htm

4.1

"A poor and stony soils will be fine provided it is given enough heat"

http://www.barbadine.com/pages/cerbera_manghas_lien.htm

4.11

A shrub or tree up to 25 m tall

Khanh, T.C., 2002. Cerbera manghas L.. [Internet] Record number 995 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Monday, 19 January 2004.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

"This species will stand dry conditions although it naturally grows in mangrove swamps " [not aquatic]

http://www.barbadine.com/pages/cerbera_manghas_lien.htm

5.02

A shrub or tree up to 25 m tall; Apocynaceae

5.03

Apocynaceae - small tree

5.04

A shrub or tree up to 25 m tall

Khanh, T.C., 2002. Cerbera manghas L.. [Internet] Record number 995 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Monday, 19 January 2004.

6.01

'The persistent dominance of ocean-dispersed coastal strand species in Marquesan secondary forests is remarkable in light of Egler's (1939, 45-46) findings that such plants are poorly adapted for terrestrial migration. The major trees or tree-like plants that fall into this category are Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pandanus spp., Erythrina variegata, Cordia subcordata, Guettarda speciosa, Morinda citrifolia, Premna serratifolia, Sapindus saponaria, Cerbera manghas, and Thespesia populnea, all of which seem to regenerate well and are widely naturalized in inland localities.'

http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80824e/80824E0e.htm

6.02

It can gradually expand by root sprouting or by seeds.

http://www.tfri.gov.tw/yb/88e/3-4-4.htm

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1) p.692. "abundant white, fragrant flowers" [moth pollination syndrome]
(2) Biology: Our observations on Lanyu since 1988 show that adults of M. u. cheni are usually active during the day from 06:00 to 18:00, and are also attracted to light at night. They usually fly fast along the margins or above the canopy of coastal forests. The observed nectar sources are Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl., Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (both Verbenaceae), Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer (Icacinaceae), Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae), Peucedanum japonicum Thumb. (Apiaceae) (Chen, 1994), Tetrastigma lanyuensis Chang (Vitaceae), Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. (Boraginaceae), Aglaia chittagonga Miq. (Meliaceae), Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenhouts (Connaraceae), and Capparis lanceolaris DC. (Capparidaceae) (SH Yen, pers. obs.). [visited by hawkmoth]

(1) Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. P.570
(2) Yen et al. (2003) A New Subspecies of Hawkmoth from Lanyu, Taiwan, with a Revised and Annotated Checklist of the Taiwanese Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) Zoological Studies 42(2): 292-306

6.06

It can gradually expand by root sprouting or by seeds.

http://www.tfri.gov.tw/yb/88e/3-4-4.htm

6.07

Saplings of free-seeding species ... pong pong (Cerbera odollam), were widely used, but were slow to make an impact on the landscape. Emphasis then shifted to "instant trees," propagated from stem cuttings two meters tall, and transplanted as semi-mature trees. By about 1980 the initial greening of the city had been achieved and the emphasis then changed to quality of color and scent. [Indicates the the plant takes a long time to reach maturity (>4 years)]

http://www.urban-forestry.com/citytrees/v36n1a07.asp

7.01

probably not, very large fruit

7.02

p.692 "is grown oramentally for its abundant white, fragrant flowers"

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p. 692

7.03

probably not, very large fruit

7.04

probably not, very large fruit

7.05

"The persistent dominance of ocean-dispersed coastal strand species in Marquesan secondary forests is remarkable in light of Egler's findings that such plants are poorly adapted for terrestrial migration. The major trees or tree-like plants that fall into this category are Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pandanus spp., Erythrina variegata, Cordia subcordata, Guettarda speciosa, Morinda citrifolia, Premna serratifolia, Sapindus saponaria, Cerbera manghas, and Thespesia populnea, all of which seem to regenerate well and are widely naturalized in inland localities."

http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80824e/80824E0e.htm

7.06

(1) "Bill width estimates derived from the bones of the extinct Ducula sp. nova suggest that this pigeon could swallow fruit up to 48 mm in diameter, whilst the smaller Ducula cf. david is estimated to have been able to swallow fruit up to 36 mm in diameter. Plant species whose fruits are too large to be swallowed by Tonga's largest extant frugivorous bird (D. pacifica ) yet display fruit characteristics suggesting birds were likely to have been their predominant vertebrate disperser in pre-human times include: Calophyllum inophyllum , Cerbera odollam [C. manghas ], Planchonella garberi , P. membranacea , Pometia pinnata , Syzygium quandrangulatum , Syzygium richii and Terminalia catappa . It is concluded that there is now no avian disperser in Tonga for plant species whose fruits measure >28 mm in diameter (the maximum gape of D. pacifica ). Although frugivorous flying foxes (Pteropus tonganus ) may eat the fruit and disperse the seeds of the eight plant species identified with large fruits, the frequency of

(1)Potential disruptions to seed dispersal mutualisms in Tonga, Western Polynesia.
AU: Meehan, H. J.; McConkey, K. R.; Drake, D. R.
AA: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
SO: Journal of Biogeography, 2002, Vol.29, No.5/6, pp.695-712, many ref. (2)http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80824e/80824E0e.htm

7.07

probably not, very large fruit

7.08

in the past, dispersed by very large now extinct birds?

Potential disruptions to seed dispersal mutualisms in Tonga, Western Polynesia.
AU: Meehan, H. J.; McConkey, K. R.; Drake, D. R.
AA: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
SO: Journal of Biogeography, 2002, Vol.29, No.5/6, pp.695-712, many ref.

8.01

(1) "fruit consisting of 2 mericarps, ellipsoid, 5—12 cm x 3—7 cm x 3—5.5 cm, purplish-red or pale green"
(2) "85 seeds per kg" [very large sized seed]

(1) Khanh, T.C., 2002. Cerbera manghas L.. [Internet] Record number 995 from TEXTFILE On-line. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Monday, 19 January 2004.
(2) http://www.proseanet.org/dbtw-prosea/eprosea/textfile/index.cfmhttp://www.sevenluck.com/seed.htm

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence that it is being controlled

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence