Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps'


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -4


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments

Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' Family - Rhamnaceae. Common Names(s) - California lilac, wild lilac. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a cultivar with a long horticultural degree descending from seed of Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus collected by Lester Rowntree. Dudley Phelps, propagator of Saratoga Experimental Gardens, planted a distinctly different seedling of the group in 1947. It was evaluated and released as a new cultivar in 1951. It is one of the most popular and commonly grown Ceanothus cultivars found in California gardens.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14].

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a cultivar derived in part from Ceanothus impressus and Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus (2) Ceanothus impressus is native to California, USA. Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus is native to California.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHOegTR&sig=k3PqIJ3en68vlAFp_u1uy5yL3iw [Cited 2009 July 15] (1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9656 [Cited 2009 July 15].

2.02

(1) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a cultivar derived in part from Ceanothus impressus and Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus (2) Ceanothus impressus is native to California, USA. Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus is native to California.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHOegTR&sig=k3PqIJ3en68vlAFp_u1uy5yL3iw [Cited 2009 July 15] (1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9656 [Cited 2009 July 15].

2.03

(1) Temperamental when planted away from the coast and in heavier soils. (2) USDA hardiness zones: 5-9, 14-17, 19-24

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.plumjam.com/herbarium/EShrubsA-I/ceanothus-JP.cfm [Cited 2009 July 15].

2.04

(1) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a cultivar derived in part from Ceanothus impressus and Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus (2) Ceanothus impressus is native to California, USA. Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus is native to California.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHOegTR&sig=k3PqIJ3en68vlAFp_u1uy5yL3iw [Cited 2009 July 15] (1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9656 [Cited 2009 July 15].

2.05

No evidence of repeated introductions.

3.01

No evidence of naturalization.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 July 16].

3.02

No evidence of weediness.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 July 16].

3.03

No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 July 16].

3.04

No evidence of weediness or control.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 July 16].

3.05

No evidence of a congeneric weed.

4.01

(1) Foliage small without spines.

(1) http://www.stanford.edu/~rawlings/PDF/007.pdf [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.02

(1) No evidence of allelopathy.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr058/psw_gtr058_2a_westman.pdf [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.04

(1) Seldom damaged by deer.

(1) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=88&surveynumber=451 [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 July 15]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.06

(1) Susceptible to aphids and whiteflies.

(1) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=88&surveynumber=451 [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.07

(1) No evidence of allergies or toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of allergies or toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 July 15]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.08

Other species in the genus are highly flammable and both parent species are native to dry habitats. (1) Ceanothus cuneatus is highly flammable. (2) The ignition time of living Ceanothus impressus (parental species of Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is > 60 seconds.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceacun/all.html [Cited 2009 July 15]. (2) http://www.laspilitas.com/classes/fire_burn_times.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2) Full sun.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=88&surveynumber=451 [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.10

(1) Soil pH: 6.5-7.5

(1) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=88&surveynumber=451 [Cited 2009 July 15].

4.11

(1) Shrub that grows 8' tall and 12' wide.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14].

4.12

Unknown.

5.01

(1) Shrub that grows 8' tall and 12' wide.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14].

5.02

(1) Rhamnaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300117 [Cited 2009 July 15].

5.03

(1) Ceanothus is a genus that bears nitrogen-fixing root nodules.

(1) Stewart, W. D. P. 1976. Nitrogen Fixation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 274(934): 341-358.

5.04

(1) Shrub that grows 8' tall and 12' wide.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14].

6.01

(1) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a cultivar with a long horticultural degree descending from seed of Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus collected by Lester Rowntree. Dudley Phelps, propagator of Saratoga Experimental Gardens, planted a distinctly different seedling of the group in 1947. It was evaluated and released as a new cultivar in 1951. It is one of the most popular and commonly grown Ceanothus cultivars found in California gardens. (2) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a hybrid cross between C. papillosus var. roweanus and C. impressus.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.stanford.edu/~rawlings/PDF/007.pdf [Cited 2009 July 15].

6.02

Unknown.(1) Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' is a cultivar derived in part from Ceanothus impressus and Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus (2) Ceanothus impressus is native to California, USA. Ceanothus papilosus var. roweanus is native to California.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHOegTR&sig=k3PqIJ3en68vlAFp_u1uy5yL3iw [Cited 2009 July 15] (1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S1_EpwYRqAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=Ceanothus
+%22Julia+phelps%22&ots=Sq3BHFgkTS&sig=BiSLJgpNuktjFGl7WuanHrtivKI [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9656 [Cited 2009 July 15].

6.03

Unknown (1) Hybridization of species in the genus Ceanothus is common in nature.

(1) http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Ceanothus.pdf [Cited 2009 July 15].

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) In this study on the ecological patterns of bees and their host ornamental flowers, small bees, Bombus sp. and Anthophorid spp. were noted as visting Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' in Albany and Berkely, California. (2) Native insects, bees and butterflies use this plant as a nectar source.

(1) Gordon, W.F., Thorp, R.W., Schindler, M., Hernandez, J., Ertter, B., Rizzardi, M., 2005. Ecological Patterns of Bees and Their Host Ornamental Flowers in Two Northern California Cities. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 78, 227-246. (2) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=88&surveynumber=451 [Cited 2009 July 15].

6.06

Unknown

6.07

(1) Growth rate: moderate.

(1) http://www.plumjam.com/herbarium/EShrubsA-I/ceanothus-JP.cfm [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.01

Not likely. Used in landscaping. (1) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.02

(1) Pacific Open Space has 1 gallon plants for sale. (2) Bay Natives Nursery has Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps' for sale. (3) Forest Farm nursery has plants for sale.

(1) http://www.pacificopenspace.com/North_Coast_Native_Nursery [Cited 2009 July 16]. (2) http://www.baynatives.com/?SC=plant-list.php&fltr=Ceanothus+ [Cited 2009 July 16]. (3) http://www.forestfarm.com/product.php?id=1068 [Cited 2009 July 16].

7.03

Not grown in agricultural setting. (1) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.05

No adaptation for water dispersal. (1) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.06

Not a fleshy berry. (1) Inconspicuous fruit. (2) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://www.plumjam.com/herbarium/EShrubsA-I/ceanothus-JP.cfm [Cited 2009 July 15]. (2) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.07

No external means of attachment. (1) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

7.08

Unknown. (1) Genus description. Fruits: initially possess an exocarp which sloughs off exposing, nominally, a capsule, usually globose, 3-valved, separating on maturity. Seeds usually dark brown, 3, +/- 3 mm, 1 surface convex.

(1) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/genus.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown. (1) Schlesinger & Gill (1978) document thinning in a chaparral stand of Ceanothus megacarpus in which there was apparently no seedling reproduction after the first year. (2) Ceanothus velutinus seeds are viable for up to 200 years in the ground. (3) Ceanothus cuneatus seeds may be viable in the ground for many years.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr058/psw_gtr058_2a_westman.pdf [Cited 2009 July 15]. (2) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceavel/all.html#FIRE%20ECOLOGY [Cited 2009 July 15]. (3) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceacun/all.html [Cited 2009 July 15].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Does not produce new growth from old wood. Prune lightly. (2) Mature plants of Ceanothus megacarpus are not fire-resistant and do not resprout following fire. (3) Seed germination behavior of certain shrubs in chaparral has been shown to be dependent upon heat from fire for scarification, e.g., Ceanothus species.

(1) http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=88&surveynumber=451 [Cited 2009 July 15]. (2) Schlesinger, W.H., Gill, D.S., 1980. Biomass, Production, and Changes in the Availability of Light, Water, and Nutrients During the Development of Pure Stands of the Chaparral Shrub, Ceanothus Megacarpus, After Fire. Ecology 61, 781-789. (3) Holland, E.A., Coleman, D.C., 1987. Litter Placement Effects on Microbial and Organic Matter Dynamics in an Agroecosystem. Ecology 68, 425-433. 

8.05

Unknown


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