Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cassia bakeriana; pink shower tree

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Information on seeds supplied by ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/TSSD/Suppseed.cfm?seedsup_id=THA1

Origin of seeds was indicated as from naturalized population

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cassia+bakeriana (30 September 2003)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Myanmar; Thailand

2.02

2.03

(2) http://www.ag-risk.org/FCICDOCU/NURSERY/98neplhi.pdf

(2) Hardiness 10A-11

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cassia+bakeriana (30 September 2003)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Myanmar; Thailand

2.05

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cassia+bakeriana (30 September 2003)
(2) http://www.ag-risk.org/FCICDOCU/NURSERY/98neplhi.pdf

(1) Geographical Distribution: Pacific Ocean: Fiji (2)Hawaii

3.01

Information on seeds supplied by ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/TSSD/Suppseed.cfm?seedsup_id=THA1

Origin of seeds was indicated as from naturalized population

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence [weedy species are now in the genus Senna]

4.01

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/page5.htm

a tree in UH campus shows no evidence of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

http://www.rngr.net/Reforestation/Publications/TTSM/ch6

in Thailand, the loss of seeds due to infection of Pestalotiopsis sp. on Cassia bakeriana was 6 percent

4.07

no evidence

4.08

a single trunked deciduous tree

4.09

no evidence

4.1

no evidence

4.11

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/LegumeWeb?genus=Cassia&species=bakeriana

Descriptors Perennial non-climbing tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Fabaceae

5.03

tree; Fabaceae, but many Cassias do not fix N

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Tree Seed Suppliers Directory of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/TSSD/treessd.htm

seeds were preserved and distributed

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

tree

7.01

unlikely, with large fruit 30-40cm long, and ca. 2cm in diameter.

7.02

http://www.ag-risk.org/FCICDOCU/NURSERY/98neplhi.pdf

on the "1998 NURSERY ELIGIBLE PLANT LISTING CONTAINER GROWN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS"

7.03

unlikely, with large fruit 30-40cm long, and ca. 2cm in diameter.

7.04

unlikely, with large fruit 30-40cm long, and ca. 2cm in diameter.

7.05

no evidence

7.06

fruit a woody pod

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of being ingested; however should survive the gut with its hard seed coats

8.01

Tree Seed Suppliers Directory of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/TSSD/treessd.htm

Viable seeds/kg : 3700 - 3800 [relatively large-sized seed]

8.02

Tree Seed Suppliers Directory of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/TSSD/treessd.htm

Seed type : orthodox
Pre-sowing treatments

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence