Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masamune Family - Boraginaceae. Common Name(s) - (Fukien tea, Philippine tea, ji ji shu, scorpionbush, tsaang gubat ), Synonym(s) - Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G. Don, Cordia retusa Vahl, Ehretia microphylla Lam., Ehretia buxifolia Roxburgh, Boraginaceae

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to temperate Asia: China - Guangdong, Hainan, Japan - Ryuku Islands, Taiwan, tropical Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysi, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia - Queensland, Solomon Islands

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?407012 [Accessed 2008 Sep 17].

2.02

(1) Native to temperate Asia: China - Guangdong, Hainan, Japan - Ryuku Islands, Taiwan, tropical Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysi, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia - Queensland, Solomon Islands

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?407012 [Accessed 2008 Sep 17].

2.03

(1) Hardiness: USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) and USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/98632/ [Accessed 2008 Sep 18].

2.04

(1) Native to temperate Asia: China - Guangdong, Hainan, Japan - Ryuku Islands, Taiwan, tropical Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysi, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia - Queensland, Solomon Islands (2) C.retusa seedlings and naturalized plants are common in landscaping areas and wild to semi-wild areas nearby plantings on Maui. Reported naturalized on Kauai.(3) In Hawaii, C. retusa is reported as naturalized on the islands of Kauai, Molokai, and Maui

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?407012 [Accessed 2008 Sep 17]. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/carmona_retusa.pdf [Accessed 2008 Sep 18]. (3) http://www.hear.org/starr/publications/2006_maui_roadside_botanical_survey.pdf [Accessed 2008 Sep 18].

2.05

C. retusa is a popular bonsai plant. There are numerous sites on the web that discuss the use of C. retusa as an ornamental bonsai. In its native range it is grown as a medicinal.

3.01

(1) C.retusa seedlings and naturalized plants are common in landscaping areas and wild to semi-wild areas nearby plantings on Maui. Reported naturalized on Kauai.(2) In Hawaii, C. retusa is reported as naturalized on the islands of Kauai, Molokai, and Maui

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/carmona_retusa.pdf [Accessed 2008 Sep 18]. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/publications/2006_maui_roadside_botanical_survey.pdf [Accessed 2008 Sep 18].

3.02

(1) C. retusa readily escapes from gardens into dry habitats and has been collected as a weed y shrub on Kauai's, O'ahu, and Maui.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

3.03

Unknown

3.04

Unknown

3.05

(1) C. retusa is the only species in the Genus.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs produced.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105676 [Accessed 2008 Sep 17].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) No evidence

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

Unknown

4.06

No evidence in literature or in pathogen databases of C. retusa being a host for pests or pathogens.

4.07

(1) C. retusa is used as a tea in the Philippines as an herbal antidiarrheal. (2) Used as an antidote against plant-based poisoning. (3) Grown at a plantation in the Philippines by the Department of Health for an herbal medicine.

(1) Villasenor, I.M., A.P. Canlas, K.M. Faustino, K.G. Plana. 2004. Evaluation of the bioactivity of triterpene mixture isolated from Carmona retusa (Vahl.) Masam leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 92 (1):53-56. (2) http://www.impgc.com/plantinfo_A.php?id=1932 (3) http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AB598E/AB598E23.htm

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Indiagronet an agricultural resource center in India states in the horticultural section of its web site that Ehretia buxifolia (Carmona retusa) is a small leaved evergreen for shady situations. (2) C. retusa forms shrubby thickets in kiawe understory in Waiehu, West Maui.

(1) http://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/horticulture/CONTENTS/hedges.htm [Accessed 2008 Sep 18]. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/carmona_retusa.pdf [Accessed 2008 Sep 19].

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1) a much branched tall shrub to small tree (2) shrub or treelet 3-30' tall.

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/carmona-retusa.html (2) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. C2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

4.12

(1) Forms dense shrubby thickets in secondary vegetation.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/carmona_retusa.pdf

5.01

(1) a much branched tall shrub to small tree

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/carmona-retusa.html

5.02

(1) a much branched tall shrub to small tree

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/carmona-retusa.html

5.03

(1) Species in the family Boraginaceae do not fix nitrogen.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation

5.04

(1) a much branched tall shrub to small tree

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/carmona-retusa.html

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) The plant is easily propagated by seed, which germinates readily.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

6.03

No evidence of hybridization. C. retusa is the only species in the Genus.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Flower morphology indicates that species is not pollinated by specialists. (1) Scorpioid cymes with rotate corolla, tube short.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

6.06

(1) No evidence of vegetative spread

6.07

Don't know

7.01

No indication that the seeds are spread by people or vehicles in a heavily trafficked area. (1) Seeds are bird dispersed.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

7.02

(1) C. retusa has been widely introduced in the tropics as a cultivated plant. (2) C. retusa is a popular bonsai in China and Japan. It is cultivated in Hawai'i as an ornamental.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/carmona_retusa.pdf

7.03

No evidence of dispersal as a produce contaminant.

7.04

(1) Fruits are drupes not adapted for wind dispersal.

(1) http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/Carmona_retusa/

7.05

(1) Fruits are drupes not adapted for water dispersal.

(1) http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/Carmona_retusa/

7.06

(1) Birds disperse the seed.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

7.07

No means of external attachment

7.08

(1) Birds disperse the seed.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown (1) C. retusa is very sensitive to insecticides.

(1) http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/fukien.html

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown