Cannabis sativa L. Family - Cannabaceae. Common Names(s) - marijuana, grass, pot, reefer, dope, Paka lōlō, mota, hemp, dagga. Synonym(s) -Cannabis indica Lam., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1.5

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8.5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) One of the most ancient of cultivated species. A large number of species and infraspecific taxa have been described for this plant. Most of the variation is contributed to its long history of cultivation, perhaps as long as 8,500 years. (2) One of man's oldest domesticates, dating back nearly to the beginning of agriculture, Cannabis has developed together with man as a multi-purpose economic plant. Cannabis has become one of the most variable of cultivated plants.

(1) Wagner W.L., Herbst D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CBXxnaGk0hwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=cannabis+sativa
+%2B+%22domestication%22&ots=L4iXa97U59&sig=Cam2rXe-D0O5VQJxcVLQtiNm_IE#PPP1,M1 [Accessed 2008 Dec 18].

1.02

(1) In many places where Cannabis was grown it became naturalized. These populations underwent extensive adaptive radiation.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CBXxnaGk0hwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=cannabis+sativa
+%2B+%22domestication%22&ots=L4iXa97U59&sig=Cam2rXe-D0O5VQJxcVLQtiNm_IE#PPA23,M1 [Accessed 2008 18].

1.03

(1) Cannabis has been observed to form spontaneous populations wherever it is grown, and weedy biotypes are extensively established throughout the world. Article lists numerous races, cultivated and escaped.

(1) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435.

2.01

(1) Probable origin central to south Asia (2) A widespread tropical, temperate and subarctic cultivar and waif.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8862 [Accessed 2008 Dec 17]. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/cannabis_sativa.html#Ecology [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

2.02

(1) A widespread tropical, temperate and subarctic cultivar and waif.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/cannabis_sativa.html#Ecology [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness zones 7-11

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cann_sat.cfm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

2.04

(1) Cannabis has been observed to form spontaneous populations wherever it is grown, and weedy biotypes are extensively established throughout the world.

(1) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435.

2.05

(1) Widely cultivated and naturalized.(2) Cannabis has been observed to form spontaneous populations wherever it is grown, and weedy biotypes are extensively established throughout the world.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8862 [Accessed 2008 Dec 17].(2) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435.

3.01

(1) Widely cultivated and naturalized.(2) Cannabis has been observed to form spontaneous populations wherever it is grown, and weedy biotypes are extensively established throughout the world. (3) A 17th century introduction to New England USA naturalized. Widely naturalized in the eastern half of the United States north of the 37° latitude.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8862 [Accessed 2008 Dec 17]. (2) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435. (3)Mack, R. N. (2003). "Plant Naturalizations and Invasions in the Eastern United States: 1634-1860." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90(1): 77-90.

3.02

Unknown

3.03

(1) Field trials during rabi 1981-82 in Bihar showed that hand weeding 25 or 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS), pre-em. metribuzin at 0.5 kg/ha and pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha, and post-em. 2,4-D at 0.8 kg/ha all increased maize yield and suppressed C. sativa growth, with metribuzin, pendimethalin and hand weeding twice being the most effective treatments. (2) Ditchweed (Cannabis sativa L.) is widely distributed throughout the southeast part of Kazakhstan, infesting both grassland and agricultural areas. In South Kazakhstan, noncultivated Cannabis plants can be found in spatially continuous stands, with one such stand in the Chu River Valley covering approximately 125 000 ha. Chemical and manual methods of weed management have provided minimal long-term control of this persistent weed in this area.

(1) Pandey, J. (1989). "Effect of Cannabis sativa infestation on yield of rabi maize." Indian Journal of Agronomy 34(1): 109-110.
(2) Tiourebaev, K. S., Semenchenko G.V., Dolgovskaya M., McCarthy M.K., Anderson T.W., Carsten L.D., Pilgeram A.L., Sands D.SC. 2001. "Biological control of infestations of ditchweed (cannabis sativa) with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cannabis in Kazakhstan." Biocontrol Science and Technology 11(4): 535-540.

3.04

Unknown

3.05

(1) Cannabis consists of a single highly variable species.

(1) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

(1) Wagner W.L., Herbst D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

(1) Deer, birds, beetles, leaf-eating larvae and slugs feed on the plant. (2) The plant is not very palatable. Cattle, horses, pigs, and dogs have been intoxicated after eating Cannabis sativa.

(1) http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cannabis.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19] (2).http://books.google.com/books?id=3poMubkz0ooC&pg=PT261&lpg=PT261&dq=cannabis+sativa+%2B+%22palatable%22&source
=web&ots=Plyf4jWAe0&sig=9asaH85FbgeZRxRBaFkiPRB2wLI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

4.05

(1) Poisoning in animals in rarely seen as the plant is fairly unpalatable. The most prevalent sign of poisoning in dogs is depressed nervous system. Other animals may show hyperexcitability, vomiting, salivation, ataxia.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=3poMubkz0ooC&pg=PT261&lpg=PT261&dq=cannabis+sativa+%2B+%22palatable%22&source
=web&ots=Plyf4jWAe0&sig=9asaH85FbgeZRxRBaFkiPRB2wLI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Dec 19}.

4.06

(1) Among diseases of Cannabis are: Botryosphaeria marconii (stem canker, wilt), Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), Cylindrosporium sp. (leaf spot), Fusarium sp. (canker, stem rot), Gibberella saubinetii (stem rot), Hypomyces cancri (?root rot), Macrophominia phaseoli, Phomopsis cannabina, Phymatotrichum omivorum (root rot), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (stem rot, wilt), Sclerotium rolfsii (southern blight), Septoria cannabis (leaf spot). Nematodes include: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera humuli, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita, M. incognita acrita, M. spp., and Pratylenchus coffeae (Golden, p.c., 1984). Occasionally Orobanche ramosa is parasitic on the roots. (2) Botrytis cinerea has caused the reduction of macadamia seedset in Hawaii.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/cannabis_sativa.html#Ecology [Accessed 2008 Dec 19]. (2) http://www.amazon.com/Reduction-macadamia-Botrytis-Agricultural-Experiment/dp/B0007135GS

4.07

(1) "The acute side effects caused by cannabis use are mainly related to psyche and cognition, and to circulation. Euphoria, anxiety, changes in sensory perception, impairment of memory and psychomotor performance are common effects after a dose is taken that exceeds an individually variable threshold. Cannabis consumption may increase heart rate and change blood pressure, which may have serious consequences in people with heart disease." (2) Pollen from the flowers is a cause of allergies in humans. Ther are a wide variety of signs of marijuana poisoning have been reported in humans.

(1)Grotenhermen, F. 2007. The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chem Biodivers. 4 (8):1744-69. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=3poMubkz0ooC&pg=PT261&lpg=PT261&dq=cannabis+sativa+%2B+%22palatable%22&source
=web&ots=Plyf4jWAe0&sig=9asaH85FbgeZRxRBaFkiPRB2wLI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun (2) Can't grow in the shade.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cann_sat.cfm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cannabis+sativa [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

4.10

(1) Thrives on rich, fertile, neutral to slightly alkaline, well-drained silt or clay loams with moisture retentive subsoils; does not grow well on acid, sandy soils. (2) The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/cannabis_sativa.html#Ecology [Accessed 2008 Dec 19]. (2)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cannabis+sativa [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

4.11

(1) 3-15' herb

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Cannabaceae, herb

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Cannabaceae, herb

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Annual herbs, no underground storage units.

(1) Wagner W.L., Herbst D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

Unknown

6.02

(1) Propagated mainly by seeds.(2) Grown from seed

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/cannabis_sativa.html#Ecology [Accessed 2008 Dec 19]. (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cann_sat.cfm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

6.03

(1) Domestication of Cannabis species and movement of cultigens by humans caused hybridization to occur between the wild species and the incipient cultigens. (2) No barriers to successful hybridization within the Genus.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CBXxnaGk0hwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=cannabis+sativa
+%2B+%22domestication%22&ots=L4iXa97U59&sig=Cam2rXe-D0O5VQJxcVLQtiNm_IE#PPA26,M1 {Accessed 2008 Dec 19]. (2) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435.

6.04

(1) Not self-fertile

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cannabis+sativa [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

6.05

(1) Wind-pollinated

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.06

No evidence

6.07

(1) Annual that requires 4 months from germination to fruiting.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cann_sat.cfm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

7.01

Unknown

7.02

(1) Widely cultivated and naturalized.(2) Cannabis has been observed to form spontaneous populations wherever it is grown, and weedy biotypes are extensively established throughout the world.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8862 [Accessed 2008 Dec 17].(2) Small, E. and A. Cronquist (1976). "A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis." Taxon 25(4): 405-435.

7.03

(1) Potential seed contaminant Australia. (2) The sterilized seeds are often a constituent of caged bird food.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8862 [Accessed 2008 Dec 18]. (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cann_sat.cfm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

7.04

(1) Achenes smooth, 4-5 mm long. (2)seeds large, round, ~5 mm long, round, no adaptation for wind.

(1) Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.
(2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/images/sbml/Cannabis_sativa_seeds.jpg (2)http://cannabis.com/faqs/about_cannabis_FAQ/Cannabis_sativa_Koehler_drawing.jpg

7.05

(1) Seed water dispersed.

(1) http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cannabis.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

7.06

Unknown

7.07

(1) No means of attachment.

(1) Wagner W.L., Herbst D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

7.08

Unknown

8.01

(1)seeds large, 5 mm long (2)one seed per fruit

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/images/sbml/Cannabis_sativa_seeds.jpg (2)http://cannabis.com/faqs/about_cannabis_FAQ/Cannabis_sativa_Koehler_drawing.jpg

8.02

(1) Seeds have retained 50% viability when stored at room temperature for 3-5 years.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UEaTaDYGl2UC&oi=fnd&pg=PP19&dq=cannabis+sativa
+%2B+%22seed%22+%2B+%22production%22&ots=Svlp74AQ9z&sig=mmL_q-6JFpmC4QAEX3Wnw1UZ3ac#PPA5,M1 [Accessed 2008 Dec 19].

8.03

(1) Pendimethalin and metribuzin totally inhibited germination. Application of 2,4-D at 60 days prevented growth, but did not kill plants. (2) In field treatments foliar-acting herbicides with brief or no soil persistence -- amitrole, bentazon, 2,4-D, diquat-paraquat, glyphosate and phenmedipham caused death or severe damage to young Cannabis plants.

(1) Pandey, J. and S. S. Mishra Effect of Cannabis sativa L. on yield of rabi maize (Zea mays L.). Abstracts of papers, annual conference of Indian Society of Weed Science, 1982. J. Pandey: 20. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/585583

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Don't know (1) Research conducted by the Institute of Zoology, Almaty, in collaboration with the Biocontrol of Weeds Lab, Montana State University, USA, was aimed at designing an ecologically safe and effective method of C. sativa weed control in the Chu Valley Region, Kazakhstan. F. oxysporum f. sp. cannabis strain CR-21 is the most promising candidate for biological control of C. sativa. Application of this strain resulted in the highest infection rate in the ® eld, and the shortest time between inoculation and symptom development. However, the infection rate was still too low to aVect permanent and lasting control of the weed. Development of more eVective formulations and delivery systems for the pathogen may result in higher infection rates, and thus, better control of the weed.

(1) Tiourebaev, K. S., Semenchenko G.V., Dolgovskaya M., McCarthy M.K., Anderson T.W., Carsten L.D., Pilgeram A.L., Sands D.SC. 2001. "Biological control of infestations of ditchweed (cannabis sativa) with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cannabis in Kazakhstan." Biocontrol Science and Technology 11(4): 535-540.