Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Calophyllum inophyllum; kamani, Alexandrian laurel, beauty leaf

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. UH press.

(1)Plants naturalize in undisturbed native habitats in parts of Florida. [refers to C. antillanum; C. inophyllum formerly misapplied in Florida] (2)"sparingly naturalized in coastal areas" [not clearly naturalized an self-sustaining]

1.03

[although 2 varieties are know, no evidence of either of them being a weed]

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. inophyllum is found distributed in East Africa, Madagascar, the islands of the Indian Ocean, coastal India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, throughout South-East Asia, to Taiwan, the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan), to northern Australia and islands in the Pacific. It is thought to be indigenous to India, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines

2.02

2.03

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html (4)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

(1) Natural latitude range: Approximate limits north to south: 30N to 25S
(2) Hardiness Range 10B to 11; It is not tolerant of freezing temperatures (3)All specimens < 400 m - mainly a coastal plant (4)Alexandrian laurel can be found along the sandy sea coasts in the tropics and it can sometimes also be found inland up to 200 m in elevation.

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. inophyllum is found distributed in East Africa, Madagascar, the islands of the Indian Ocean, coastal India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, throughout South-East Asia, to Taiwan, the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan), to northern Australia and islands in the Pacific. It is thought to be indigenous to India, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. inophyllum is often planted within its natural distribution range. It has been planted in tropical Central America, and also on a trial basis in West Africa (Nigeria, Cameroon) and Uganda (Streets, 1962).
List of countries where planted
Asia
Bangladesh
[China] Henan, Taiwan
India
Indochina
Indonesia
[Japan] Ryukyu Archipelago
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Africa
East Africa
Madagascar
Mauritius
Nigeria
Senegal
Seychelles
Tanzania
Uganda
West Africa
Central America
Central America (as a whole)
North America
[USA] Hawaii
Oceania
Australia
Cook Islands
Nauru
Pacific Islands
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands

3.01

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. UH press.

(1)Plants naturalize in undisturbed native habitats in parts of Florida. [refers to C. antillanum; C. inophyllum formerly misapplied in Florida] (2)"sparingly naturalized in coastal areas" [not clearly naturalized an self-sustaining]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

http://www.fleppc.org/pdf/Calophyllum%20antillanum.pdf

[C. antillanum was considered a environmental weed.] "Invades mangrove forests and other coastal areas. Dense stands of seedlings and saplings observed along the fringes of coastal mangrove and buttonwood forests and occasionally in inland hardwood forests as well. Abundant in and around Matheson Hammock Park in south Dade County, and observed in other mangrove areas in Dade County, where it is a target of eradication by Miami-Dade County Parks and Recreation Department. Also reported from parks in Broward County (EPPC 1996). Listed as an invasive species in Hawaii (Wester 1992) .

4.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

not recognized as a fodder

4.05

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

not recognized as a fodder

4.06

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"The psyllid Leptynoptera sulfurea has been recorded as a pest of C. inophyllum in Indonesia, and in the Mariana and Caroline Islands." [a pest of coconut palm <http://www.crees.org/plantprotection/AubWeb/bugweb/bugroot.htm> but not known to be an important pest]

4.07

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html

(1) "All or parts of this plant are poisonous"
(2) "The sap of this species irritates the skin and eyes (Morton 1971). An oil derived from the seeds, named domba oil, has rubefacient and irritant properties (Quisumbing 1951). The wood can produce dermatitis (Lewin 1962)."

4.08

http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/B2A.HTM

evergreen beach tree

4.09

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

(1) C. inophyllum is not a light-demanding species, and can survive some shade. (2) Exposure Partial shade or partial sun to full sun

4.1

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) Merlin, M. D. (1991). "Woody vegetation on the raised coral limestone of Mangaia, southern Cook Islands." Pacific Science 45(2): 131-151.

(1) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt well, drought tolerant; (2) limestone

4.11

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. inophyllum is a medium-size tree (to 25 m tall)

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Clusiaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

no evidence

6.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

It regenerates rapidly, natural regeneration is usually good, and it coppices moderately well.

6.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Seed longevity is more than one year; however, the thick seed coat can delay germination. Complete removal of the seed coat was shown to be very effective in promoting germination and increasing the germination percentage."

6.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Natural hybridization may occur with other Calophyllum spp.

6.04

no evidence

6.05

CAB International, (2001) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Flowers are insect-pollinated.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)http://www.oneloa.com/Oneloa%20Development.pdf (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST115

(1)grows slowly (2)grows slowly [minimum for a slow growing tree]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

It is often planted as an ornamental, avenue or shade tree, or on sandy beaches for dune stabilization. It is also utilized in reforestation and afforestation projects.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Fruit is spherical to obovoid, glabrous, 3-4 cm diameter, smooth, 25-50 mm long, with a fairly thin, compact outer layer, greyish-green, pulpy on the outside." [large-sized fruit]

7.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.06

Meehan, H. J.; McConkey, K. R.; Drake, D. R. (2002) Potential disruptions to seed dispersal mutualisms in Tonga, Western Polynesia. Journal of Biogeography, 2002, Vol.29, No.5/6, pp.695-712, many ref.

AB: "Plant species whose fruits are too large to be swallowed by Tonga's largest extant frugivorous bird (D. pacifica ) yet display fruit characteristics suggesting birds were likely to have been their predominant vertebrate disperser in pre-human times include: Calophyllum inophyllum , Cerbera odollam [C. manghas ], Planchonella garberi , P. membranacea , Pometia pinnata , Syzygium quandrangulatum , Syzygium richii and Terminalia catappa ."

7.07

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

usually dispersed by bats [very large seed, don't know if it is carried externally or swallowed]

7.08

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

usually dispersed by bats [very large seed, don't know if it is carried externally or swallowed]

8.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Fruit is spherical to obovoid, glabrous, 3-4 cm diameter, smooth, 25-50 mm long, with a fairly thin, compact outer layer, greyish-green, pulpy on the outside."; "Only one seed is produced in each fruit. " [very large seed]

8.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Seed longevity is more than one year; however, the thick seed coat can delay germination. Complete removal of the seed coat was shown to be very effective in promoting germination and increasing the germination percentage

8.03

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:ajL2UDjh0FIJ:edis.ifas.ufl.edu
/BODY_WG209+Calophyllum+herbicide&hl=en&start=7&ie=UTF-8

Basal bark treatment with 10% Garlon 4. Follow-up herbicide applications may be necessary. [for congener Calophyllum antillanum]

8.04

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

(1)" it coppices moderately well" [borderline] (2)It is sensitive to fire.

8.05

no evidence