Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Callicarpa japonica


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 5


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Callicarpa japonica Thunb. Family - Verbenaceae. Common Names(s) - Japanese Beautyberry, Japanese callicarpa. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Cultivars/Varieties 'Leucocarpa' - Fruits are white instead of purple and the leaves are a lighter green than the species. Otherwise it is similar to the species. Fruit may turn brown earlier than purple-fruited forms. [no evidence of selection for less weedy traits]

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)native to Japan (2)Distribution. Japan, the Korean archipelago, the Ryukyu archipelago, and the adjacent areas of eastern Asia.

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

2.02

(1)native to Japan (2)Distribution. Japan, the Korean archipelago, the Ryukyu archipelago, and the adjacent areas of eastern Asia.

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

2.03

(1)Hardiness Zone: 5 - 8 (2)USDA hardiness USDA zones 05a-10b AHS heat zones Heat zones 12-03 (3)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 5a: to -28.8 °C (-20 °F)
USDA Zone 5b: to -26.1 °C (-15 °F)
USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F)
USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F)
USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F)
USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F)
USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F)
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)

(1)http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/shrubselector/detail_plant.cfm?plantid=328 [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)http://www.crescentbloom.com/Plants/Specimen/CA/Callicarpa%20japonica.htm [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (3)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/82358/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

2.04

(1)native to Japan (2)Distribution. Japan, the Korean archipelago, the Ryukyu archipelago, and the adjacent areas of eastern Asia. (3)Naturalized Shrubs...Callicarpa japonica (Japanese Beautyberry) [North Carolina]

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83. (3)http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

2.05

(1)Table 4. Ornamentals from Japan, not naturalised in Australia. Callicarpa japonica Thunb (2)This species of Callicarpa is common in the trade in eastern and southern landscapes.

(1)Auld, B., H. Morita, T. Nishida, M. Ito and P. Michael. 2003. Shared exotica: Plant invasions of Japan and south eastern Australia. Cunninghamia 8(1): 147-152. (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/CALJAPA.PDF [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

3.01

(1)Table 4. Ornamentals from Japan, not naturalised in Australia. Callicarpa japonica Thunb (2)Naturalized Shrubs...Callicarpa japonica (Japanese Beautyberry) [North Carolina] (3)Callicarpa japonica Thunberg, Japanese Beautyberry. Pf (NC): suburban woodlands; rare, native of e. Asia. Reported for Durham Co., NC by Moldenke (1980); corroborated by specimens from Orange County, NC in 2005. [= K, Z]

(1)Auld, B., H. Morita, T. Nishida, M. Ito and P. Michael. 2003. Shared exotica: Plant invasions of Japan and south eastern Australia. Cunninghamia 8(1): 147-152. (2)http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (3)Weakley, A.S. 2007. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, and surrounding areas Working Draft of 11 January 2007. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/callicarpa_japonica/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/callicarpa_japonica/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/callicarpa_japonica/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

3.05

(1)Callicarpa americana listed as an agricultural weed (2)Comments from Landowners: "If you live in my zone I would say stay away from this plant. It is a horrible weed here at my house. I have one that has taken over an 8 foot azalea. Once they get established they are really hard to kill. They also freely send seedlings all over the property. This is a very hard weed to control." [Mississippi] "This plant is a native here, it is all over my property and grows very big and invasive. I think of it more as a weed and have been fighting to get it off my property." [Florida]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/callicarpa_americana/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2657/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

4.02

(1)Abstract The essential oil from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica was analyzed by GC–MS, and 84 compounds were identified. The main constituents of the essential oil were spathulenol (18.1%), germacrene B (13.0%), bicyclogermacrene (11.0%), globulol (3.3%), viridiflorol (2.6%), a-guaiene (2.3%), and g-elemene (2.0%). The essential oil constituents of C. japonica were significantly different from those found in our previous work on Callicarpa americana. The oil of C. japonica was selectively phytotoxic to bentgrass compared to lettuce seeds, with 80–100% growth reduction observed at 0.3 mg/ml. [possibly allelopathic, but no evidence from the field]

(1)Kobaisy, M., M. R. Tellez, F. E. Dayan and S. O. Duke. 2002. Phytotoxicity and volatile constituents from leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. Phytochemistry 61: 37–40.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

4.04

(1)APPENDIX 1. SPECIES REPORTED TO BE MOST DEER RESISTANT. [includes Callicarpa japonica] (2)Tolerances: deer, drought, heat & humidity, pollution, rabbits, slope, wind,

(1)Heinrich, H.H. and S. Predl. 1995. CAN WE LANDSCAPE TO ACCOMMODATE DEER? THE TRACY ESTATE RESEARCH GARDEN. Proc. Fast. Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 6:102-112. (2)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_2886.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

4.05

(1)Adverse factors Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no Livestock poison no Mechanical injury no

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/Plants/Specimen/CA/Callicarpa%20japonica.htm [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

4.06

(1)Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus (2)There are no serious diseases, and it is easy to transplant.

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Callicarpa+japonica [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)http://en.sl.life.ku.dk/faciliteter/arboretet/maanedensplante/2006/november.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

4.07

(1)Adverse factors Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no Livestock poison no Mechanical injury no (2)Pollen can be slightly irritating to certain people.

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/Plants/Specimen/CA/Callicarpa%20japonica.htm [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)Horticopia Professional Version 4.1.

4.08

(1)Callicarpa japonica given a low flammability rating [no evidence that this species carries fire in natural settings]

(1)Sydnor, T.D., Larry Steward and Aaron Kloss. 2006. Firewise Landscaping. Minimizing the Loss of Structures Caused by Forest and Grass Fires. Ohio State University Extension. Bulletin 921.

4.09

(1)full sun to light shade (2)Light requirement: plant grows in part shade/part sun [not demonstrated to be truly shade tolerant] (3)It can grow in semi-shade

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/CALJAPA.PDF [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Callicarpa+japonica

4.10

(1)prefers a well-drained soil, although relatively adaptable (2)moist, well-drained soil; best in acid soil, but tolerates neutral soil pH. (3)pH Range: 5 to 7.5 Soil Range: Mostly Sand to Mostly Clay (4)Soil tolerances: acidic; slightly alkaline; sand; loam; clay

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/shrubselector/detail_plant.cfm?plantid=328 [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (3)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_2886.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (4)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/CALJAPA.PDF [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

4.11

(1)a multistemmed deciduous shrub

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

4.12

(1)No evidence

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

5.02

(1)Verbenaceae

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506860 [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

5.03

(1)Verbenaceae

(1)http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506860 [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

5.04

(1)a multistemmed deciduous shrub

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

6.02

(1)Propagation is not a difficult matter since it roots quite readily from cuttings, either taken as soft wood cuttings in summer or later on as hardwood cuttings with a heel; it can also be grown from seed.

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

6.03

(1)Callicarpa × shirasawana is a natural hybrid between C. japonica and C. mollis, and has a morphology that is intermediate between those of the parent species. Characterization of natural Callicarpa populations in the Atsumi Peninsula of central Japan, which all three of the above species inhabit sympatrically, revealed hybrids with various morphologies. Molecular analysis revealed a high occurrence of introgression of the C. japonica genome into that of C. mollis. Moreover, all individuals examined with morphology similar to that of C. mollis had genetic traces of hybridization with C. japonica. Molecular analysis of individual C. mollis and C. japonica from five other areas of Japan showed that introgression of C. japonica into C. mollis occurs widely. Molecular data also strongly suggested that the previously recognized C. × shirasawana individuals with intermediate morphology are not F1 hybrids between C. japonica and C. mollis, but instead are progeny of C. × shirasawana backcrossed with C. japonica. Moreover, it was revealed that individuals with F1-type genotypes are indistinguishable morphologically from pure C. mollis. The results of the present study point to the need for re-evaluation of natural populations of C. mollis and C. × shirasawana.

(1)Tsukaya, H., T. Fukuda and J. Yokoyama. 2003. Hybridization and introgression between Callicarpa japonica and C. mollis (Verbenaceae) in central Japan, as inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Ecology 12(11): 3003 - 3011.

6.04

(1)Requires cross-pollination for good fruit production [does not indicate that self-pollination cannot produce fruit] (2)"The observed combinations of genotypes can be derived only from a combination of an initial hybridization (F1), the backcross of an F1 plant with C. japonica pollen, cross-pollination between hybrid individuals or self-pollination of the hybrids, if the chloroplast genome is derived from only the female parent, as it is in many plants." [presumably parent lineages are able to self-pollinate if hybrids are]

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Callicarpa+japonica [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)Tsukaya H., T. Fukuda and J. Yokoyama. 2003. Hybridization and introgression between Callicarpa japonica and C. mollis (Verbenaceae) in central Japan, as inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Ecology 12(11): 3003-3011.

6.05

(1)Inflorescence a solitary axillary cyme, delicate, c. 2±4 cm across at anthesis; peduncle 6±10 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, shallowy 4- toothed, teeth obtusely triangular. Corolla white or pale pink, c. 3mm long, glabrous; limb 4-parted; lobes oblong; stamens 4, inserted at the base of the corolla tube, anthers oblong, opening by an apical pore. Ovary subglobose, conspicuously 4-lobed, glabrous. [floral structure suggests insect pollination] (2)In the mid-elevation rainforest of the Western Ghats, India, butterflies visit many flowers and are considered major pollinators of four woody species (of 86 species studied), in the genera Callicarpa, Clerodendrum (both Verbenaceae), Trichilia (Meliaceae) and Vernonia (Asteraceae)

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83. (2)Corlett, R.T. 2004. Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region. Biological Reviews 79(3):497-532.

6.06

(1)Propagation is not a difficult matter since it roots quite readily from cuttings, either taken as soft wood cuttings in summer or later on as hardwood cuttings with a heel [no evidence that can spread vegetatively in natural settings]

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

6.07

(1)Growth rate: moderate [probably flowers in 2 years or more] (2)Growth Rate: Rapid

(1)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/CALJAPA.PDF [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/shrubs/callicarpa_japonica.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

7.01

(1)No evidence or means of external attachment

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

7.02

(1)This species of Callicarpa is common in the trade in eastern and southern landscapes. (2)Callicarpa japonica is mostly used as a garden plant for the outstanding autumn colour of its berries.

(1)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/CALJAPA.PDF [Accessed 10 Dec 2008] (2)http://en.sl.life.ku.dk/faciliteter/arboretet/maanedensplante/2006/november.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

7.03

(1)No evidence that plant is being grown with produce

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

7.04

(1)Fruit globose, c. 2.5 mm diameter, bright purple (white in `Leucocarpa').

(1)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83.

7.05

(1)small metallic purple berries in rounded axillary clusters [bird & animal dispersed] (2)Fruit globose, c. 2.5 mm diameter, bright purple (white in `Leucocarpa'). (3)Abstract We investigated factors affecting seed rain beneath nine fleshy-fruited fruiting plant species growing in a 1-ha plot of planted Pinus thunbergii in central Japan. We tested whether the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped by birds beneath fruiting plants were correlated with the number of fruits removed by birds from the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit removal had significantly high seed rain. Both the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped were significantly, positively correlated with the number of fruits removed across for all fruiting plant species. Therefore, fruit removal predicted the difference among heterospecific fruiting plants in seed rain. We also tested whether the number of fruits removed from fruiting plants by birds was related with fruit crop size, fruit size, and height of the plants, and the numbers of fruits and fruit species of neighboring plants near the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size had significantly high fruit removal. The number of fruits removed was significantly, positively correlated with both the fruit crop size and the number of neighboring fruits across the nine fruiting plant species. However, the effect of the neighboring fruit density on fruit removal was lower remarkably than that of fruit crop size. Therefore, fruit crop size best predicted the differences among heterospecific fruiting plants in fruit removal. We suggest that fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size and high fruit removal contribute to intensive seed rain beneath them...Table 4. Comparisons of the number of fruits removed by birds from fruiting plants among the nine fruiting plant species [study includes Callicarpa japonica]

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83. (3)Takahashi, K. and T. Kamitani. 2004. Factors affecting seed rain beneath fleshy-fruited plants. Plant Ecology 174: 247–256.

7.06

(1)small metallic purple berries in rounded axillary clusters (2)Fruit globose, c. 2.5 mm diameter, bright purple (white in `Leucocarpa'). (3)Abstract We investigated factors affecting seed rain beneath nine fleshy-fruited fruiting plant species growing in a 1-ha plot of planted Pinus thunbergii in central Japan. We tested whether the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped by birds beneath fruiting plants were correlated with the number of fruits removed by birds from the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit removal had significantly high seed rain. Both the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped were significantly, positively correlated with the number of fruits removed across for all fruiting plant species. Therefore, fruit removal predicted the difference among heterospecific fruiting plants in seed rain. We also tested whether the number of fruits removed from fruiting plants by birds was related with fruit crop size, fruit size, and height of the plants, and the numbers of fruits and fruit species of neighboring plants near the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size had significantly high fruit removal. The number of fruits removed was significantly, positively correlated with both the fruit crop size and the number of neighboring fruits across the nine fruiting plant species. However, the effect of the neighboring fruit density on fruit removal was lower remarkably than that of fruit crop size. Therefore, fruit crop size best predicted the differences among heterospecific fruiting plants in fruit removal. We suggest that fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size and high fruit removal contribute to intensive seed rain beneath them...Table 4. Comparisons of the number of fruits removed by birds from fruiting plants among the nine fruiting plant species [study includes Callicarpa japonica]

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83. (3)Takahashi, K. and T. Kamitani. 2004. Factors affecting seed rain beneath fleshy-fruited plants. Plant Ecology 174: 247–256.

7.07

(1)small metallic purple berries in rounded axillary clusters [internally bird & animal dispersed, no means of external attachment] (2)Fruit globose, c. 2.5 mm diameter, bright purple (white in `Leucocarpa'). (3)Abstract We investigated factors affecting seed rain beneath nine fleshy-fruited fruiting plant species growing in a 1-ha plot of planted Pinus thunbergii in central Japan. We tested whether the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped by birds beneath fruiting plants were correlated with the number of fruits removed by birds from the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit removal had significantly high seed rain. Both the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped were significantly, positively correlated with the number of fruits removed across for all fruiting plant species. Therefore, fruit removal predicted the difference among heterospecific fruiting plants in seed rain. We also tested whether the number of fruits removed from fruiting plants by birds was related with fruit crop size, fruit size, and height of the plants, and the numbers of fruits and fruit species of neighboring plants near the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size had significantly high fruit removal. The number of fruits removed was significantly, positively correlated with both the fruit crop size and the number of neighboring fruits across the nine fruiting plant species. However, the effect of the neighboring fruit density on fruit removal was lower remarkably than that of fruit crop size. Therefore, fruit crop size best predicted the differences among heterospecific fruiting plants in fruit removal. We suggest that fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size and high fruit removal contribute to intensive seed rain beneath them...Table 4. Comparisons of the number of fruits removed by birds from fruiting plants among the nine fruiting plant species [study includes Callicarpa japonica]

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83. (3)Takahashi, K. and T. Kamitani. 2004. Factors affecting seed rain beneath fleshy-fruited plants. Plant Ecology 174: 247–256.

7.08

(1)small metallic purple berries in rounded axillary clusters (2)Fruit globose, c. 2.5 mm diameter, bright purple (white in `Leucocarpa'). (3)Abstract We investigated factors affecting seed rain beneath nine fleshy-fruited fruiting plant species growing in a 1-ha plot of planted Pinus thunbergii in central Japan. We tested whether the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped by birds beneath fruiting plants were correlated with the number of fruits removed by birds from the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit removal had significantly high seed rain. Both the numbers of seeds and seed species dropped were significantly, positively correlated with the number of fruits removed across for all fruiting plant species. Therefore, fruit removal predicted the difference among heterospecific fruiting plants in seed rain. We also tested whether the number of fruits removed from fruiting plants by birds was related with fruit crop size, fruit size, and height of the plants, and the numbers of fruits and fruit species of neighboring plants near the plants. Most of fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size had significantly high fruit removal. The number of fruits removed was significantly, positively correlated with both the fruit crop size and the number of neighboring fruits across the nine fruiting plant species. However, the effect of the neighboring fruit density on fruit removal was lower remarkably than that of fruit crop size. Therefore, fruit crop size best predicted the differences among heterospecific fruiting plants in fruit removal. We suggest that fruiting plant species with high fruit crop size and high fruit removal contribute to intensive seed rain beneath them...Table 4. Comparisons of the number of fruits removed by birds from fruiting plants among the nine fruiting plant species [study includes Callicarpa japonica] (4)Table 1. Seeds obtained from Japanese macaqu feces from Kashima and the Shimokita Peninsula, in the cool temperate zone of northern Japan.

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Atkins, S. 1999. Callicarpa japonica. Labiatae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79-83. (3)Takahashi, K. and T. Kamitani. 2004. Factors affecting seed rain beneath fleshy-fruited plants. Plant Ecology 174: 247–256. (4)Otani, T. 2003. Seed dispersal and predation of fleshy-fruited plants by Japanese macaques in the cool temperate zone of northern Japan. Mammal Study 28(2): 153-156.

8.01

(1)Fruit a drupe…containing 4 hard stones. Seed 1 per stone. [generic description suggests seed production will not reach such high densities]

(1)Staples, G.W and D.R Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

8.02

(1)Storage Conditions: This species may show orthodox seed storage behaviour. [unknown how long seeds persist in soil under natural conditions]

(1)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

(1)Unknown [no evidence of control efforts on this species]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/callicarpa_japonica/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

8.04

(1)rejuvenate occasionally, especially following difficult winters...regular pruning is a fact of life with this plant in order to keep the plant tidy...needs regular pruning to remove winter injury and control rank growth. (2)Comments: Drought tolerant; berries attract birds; cut back severely each year for best berry production (flowers on new growth);

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Plants/c/caljap/caljap1.html [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/shrubs/callicarpa_japonica.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2008]

8.05

Unknown


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