Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Calliandra haematocephala (red powderpuff, blood red tassel flower)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Invasive potential: invasive non-native [Florida naturalized, not on Fleppc invasive plant list] (2)India -- found only in cultivation [NOT naturalized] (3)Rare escape from cultivation at disturbed sites [Florida]

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST108 (2)http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/fish/flora.html (3)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native to Bolivia (2)Origin: Nicaragua to Ecuador

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cahae.htm (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Calliandra_haematocephala.html

2.02

Native range and regions of introduction well known.

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b and 11. (2)USDA: 10-12 (3)tropical wet & dry (Aw), tropical wet (Ar), The tree is evergreen in humid climates and semi-deciduous in areas with a long dry season; It tolerates a dry season of 3-6 months. 0-1800 m but normally it is found to about 1300 m. On Java it is cultivated at altitudes between 150-1500 m, however, it seems to perform best between 250-800 m

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2313/ (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Calliandra_haematocephala.html (3)http://pppis.fao.org/

2.04

(1)Native to Bolivia (2)Origin: Nicaragua to Ecuador

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cahae.htm (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Calliandra_haematocephala.html

2.05

Introduced to Mauritius, countries in Africa and the Caribbean and the U.S. (Hawaii)

http://biodiversity.soton.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Araneus.pl

3.01

(1)Invasive potential: invasive non-native [Florida naturalized, not on Fleppc invasive plant list] (2)India -- found only in cultivation [NOT naturalized] (3)Rare escape from cultivation at disturbed sites [Florida]

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST108 (2)http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/fish/flora.html (3)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

3.02

No evidence

3.03

It is so hardy and reproduces so easily that it may become a weed of sorts and may be difficult to keep in check. [Speculation? No problem locations mentioned]

http://pppis.fao.org/

3.04

Not on FLEPPC list

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

leaves used as animal feed, it is browsed and used for fodder

http://pppis.fao.org/

4.05

leaves used as animal feed

http://pppis.fao.org/

4.06

(1)Three fungi were found to be associated with C. haematocephala: Corticium rolfsii, Leptosphaeria sp., Ravenelia texensis. (2)Corticium rolfsii causes 'Southern blight in Ryegrass and white clover and also affects alfa alfa. (3) 'The fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (teleomorph Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kim.; syn. Corticium rolfsii Curzi), is very common in the Auckland district, attacking a wide range of plants, especially summer crops and bulbs. In warm wet seasons it has been responsible for considerable crop losses (Dingley 1969). Although S. rolfsii is commonly found associated with onion bulbs in the Pukekohe district during the harvest and curing periods, field losses caused by the fungus are minimal. Recent infections on onion bulbs usually go undetected at the time of grading and bagging, but may become active during storage and transport. S. rolfsii is considered a notifiable disease organism in the United Kingdom and strict quarantine measures are enforced if it is intercepted on imported pr

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2) http://ss.ngri.affrc.go.jp/diseases/pename.html (3)http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/nzpps/proceedings/95/95_351.htm
(4) Hamon, A. B. (1978) Acacia whitefly, Tetraleurodes acaciae (Quaintance) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Entomology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1978, No.190, 2 pp., 1 ref.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - it is an evergreen shrub.

http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Characteristic%20Pages/Calliandra%20haematocephala.htm

4.09

(1)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)Plant in full sun (3)Sun Exposure: Full sun (4)Light Requirements: Sun to light shade (5)Light intensity: very bright to light shade

(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc833.htm (2)http://www.mgonline.com/powderpuff.html (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Calliandra_haematocephala.html (4)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/powderpuff.htm (5)http://pppis.fao.org/

4.1

Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; slightly alkaline; acidic; well-drained

http://216.239.33.100/search?q=cache:Z5OLeNJ2agsC:hort.ifas.
ufl.edu/trees/CALHAEA.pdf+Calliandra+haematocephala&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

4.11

Not climbing

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/130.shtml

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

nitrogen fixation

http://pppis.fao.org/

5.04

6.01

Flowers in winter and spring. Seeds in spring.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Calliandra_haematocephala.html

6.02

Propagation is by seed or cuttings.

http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/calhaea.pdf

6.03

Don’t know.

6.04

6.05

(1)Flowers attract birds (2)attractive to bees and butterflies

(1)http://coop.co.pinellas.fl.us/fyn/publications/enh78.html (2)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/powderpuff.htm

6.06

Propagation by seed.

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cahae.htm

6.07

(1)Growth rate: fast (2)up to 3-5 m within the first year [2 year estimate for a fast growing shrubby tree]

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST108 (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

7.01

Probably not-no evidence that propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

An ornamental plant.

http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Characteristic%20Pages/Calliandra%20haematocephala.htm

7.03

Probably not - seeds relatively large - 'Legume linear-lanceolate 9-10 X 1.5 cm; seeds 5 or 6, oblong, flattened 0.8-1.2 X 0.4-0.6 cm.'

7.04

Probably not - no evidence that the seeds have adaptation for wind dispersal.

7.05

Probably not - as the species is not usually known to grow near water bodies.

7.06

Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST108

7.07

Probably not -no evidence that seeds have any means of attachment.

7.08

Don’t know.

8.01

Legume linear-lanceolate 9-10 X 1.5 cm; seeds 5 or 6, oblong, flattened 0.8-1.2 X 0.4-0.6 cm

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cahae.htm

8.02

Probably yes - as it they are relatively large hard legume seeds.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

(1)Although plants are damaged by freezing temperatures, they grow back from the base in the spring in USDA hardiness zone 9. (2)regenerates rapidly

(1)http://216.239.33.100/search?q=cache:Z5OLeNJ2agsC:hort.ifas.
ufl.edu/trees/CALHAEA.pdf+Calliandra+haematocephala&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

8.05

Don’t know.