Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

9

Notes

1.01

No, this species has not been in cultivation for at least 20 generations nor has it diverged from wild varieties.

1.02

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

1.03

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

2.01

"Native to south Asia, Taiwan, and Malaysia."

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa

2.02

Native range well known

2.03

Yes, as it is found across a wide altitudinal range "Open places, at edge of open forests, open woodlands; 0--2800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam]"

Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

2.04

"Very common in mesic to wet pastures, forests, roadsides, and waste areas of Oÿahu, Molokaÿi, Maui, and Hawai‘I up to 4000 ft elevation."

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa

2.05

"widespread in cultivation and as a weed"

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project. Webpage: Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/index.html

3.01

In Hawai‘i, (1)"naturalized in mesic to wet, primarily disturbed areas, on lava and cinder, and in wet forest, 100-1,200 m" (2)"Very common in mesic to wet pastures, forests, roadsides and waste areas of Hawai‘i up to 4000 ft. elevation"

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI (2)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa

3.02

"Environmental impact: Invades disturbed areas of forests."

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa

3.03

No evidence

3.04

May eventually prove an environmental weed, however, in Hawaii it mostly is a weed of disturbed areas

3.05

"Buddleja davidii is a shade-intolerant woody weed from China, which, with small wind-dispersed seeds, rapidly colonises bare or disturbed sites. It is cultivated for ornamental purposes for its pretty flowers and ability to attract butterflies. It often takes hold in disturbed areas, riparian areas or open woodlands and has proven to be one of the worst weeds to forestry managers in New Zealand, where it out-competes Pinus radiata seedlings."

Invasive Species Specialist Group. Webpage: The Global Invasive Species Database. Accessed 2008. http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/

4.01

No "Young stems hairy."

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa

4.02

No evidence

4.03

Not a parasitic plant

USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

Buddleja asiatica (1)"other uses: The plant is a good substitute for other fodder plants when those are scarce, especially during winter." (2)Listed among "Species of fodder trees utilized in the hills of Nepal"

(1)Manandhar, N.P. and S. Manandhar. 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, OR. 636 Pages (2)Paudel, K.C. And B.N. Tiwari. 2002. Fodder and forage production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Paper 105

4.05

Buddleja asiatica (1)"other uses: The plant is a good substitute for other fodder plants when those are scarce, especially during winter." (2)Listed among "Species of fodder trees utilized in the hills of Nepal"

(1)Manandhar, N.P. and S. Manandhar. 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, OR. 636 Pages (2)Paudel, K.C. And B.N. Tiwari. 2002. Fodder and forage production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Paper 105

4.06

"Buddleia have very few pests but are susceptible to caterpillars, weevils, mullein moth, spider mites, fungal leaf spots and dieback"

Starr, F. and K. Starr. Webpage: Plants of Hawaii - Reports. Complete species list. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/

4.07

Probably not. There is evidence it may cause allergies in some people, but such evidence is rare and does not refer to this species in particular. (1)"Those with allergies should be careful when planting Butterfly bush as it is prone to irritating those with allergies." (2)In regards to B. madagascariensis "Care should be taken when removing this species as it can cause throat allergies."

4.08

B. davidii reported to be highly flammable in a greenhouse setting however no other information on flammability of B. asiatica found

Las Pilitas Nursery. Webpage: California Plants and Fire. Accessed 2008. http://www.laspilitas.com/classes/fire_burn_times.html

4.09

Restricted to (1)"open places or light forests."

(1)Aluka Inc. African Species Plant Checklist Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa=1&br=tax-epithets-derived%7Cnamed-as%7Cplant-name-family (2)Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

4.10

"The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. It can tolerate atmospheric pollution. "

Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

4.11

No "Shrubs or small trees, 1--8 m tall"

Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Not Poaceae

5.03

Not Nitrogen-fixing

5.04

No. "Shrubs or small trees"

Zheng-yi, W. and P.H. Raven. 1999. Flora of China: Cycadaceae-Fagaceae Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)"In the third year after the 1959 eruption, a weedy, exotic shrub, Buddleja asiatica Loureiro, began to invade the area in hordes. By the seventh year it had an 86 percent frequency of occurrence in the Kilauea Iki devastation area, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park" (2)"Propagation: Wind-borne seeds."

(1)Smathers, G.A. and D.E. Gardner. 1979. Stand Analysis of an Invading Firetree (Myricafaya Aiton) Population, Hawaii. Pacific Science 33(3): 239-255 (2)Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project. Webpage: Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/index.html

6.03

Unknown. Will hybridize under cultivated conditions, however no natural documentation found for wild hybrids

Stuart, D.D. 2006. Buddlejas. Timber Press, OR 232 pages

6.04

"The scented flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Bees and Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies). The plant not is self-fertile. ""

Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

6.05

(1)"The scented flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Bees and Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies)." (2)"Buddleia species are well known for their ability to attract butterflies, bees, other insects, and hummingbirds to their sweet smelling flowers … which may play a role in pollination."

(1)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php (2)Starr, F. and K. Starr. Webpage: Plants of Hawaii - Reports. Complete species list. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/

6.06

Yes. (1)"Buddleia species can be propagated by seeds and cuttings." (2)"Propagated by seeds, branch cuttings or root-off-shoots."

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. Webpage: Plants of Hawaii - Reports. Complete species list. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/ (2)Manandhar, N.P. and S. Manandhar. 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, OR. 636 Pages

6.07

Unknown

7.01

Yes. Species likes disturbed areas such as trailsides and seeds are tiny "0·8–1 x 0·3–0·4 x 0·2 mm"

Aluka Inc. African Species Plant Checklist Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa=1&br=tax-epithets-derived%7Cnamed-as%7Cplant-name-family

7.02

Cultivated as an ornamental plants and for its essential oils

Sinnott, Q. Webpage: USDA Agricultural Research Service Germplasm Resources Information Network- Species Search. Accessed 2008. http://www.ars.usda.gov/search/advanced.htm

7.03

Plant not grown with agricultural produce

7.04

Yes, see the following description (1)"Fruits are dry capsules, 0.2 inches long. Seeds tiny, winged on both ends." (2)"Propagation: Wind-borne seeds."

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa (2)Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project. Webpage: Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/index.html

7.05

Unknown

7.06

Fruit is a dry capsule and not likely to be consumed by birds

7.07

No. See seed description "After flowering, capsules with pale brown seed are persistent throughout the summer"

Stuart, D.D. 2006. Buddlejas. Timber Press, OR 232 pages

7.08

Fuit and seed morphology not indicative of a bird or animal dispersed fruit

8.01

Yes, based on the seed size and multiple seeds per capsule "capsule 3-4 mm long, subglobose, calyx persistent at base, with many seeds about 0.3 mm long (microscopically winged)"

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project. Webpage: Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. Accessed 2008. http://www.hear.org/pier/scientificnames/index.html

8.02

No based on the following propigation notes which instruct the horticulturalist to surface sow the seed. No mention is made of scarifying the seed, also it germinates soon after sowing. "fSeed - cold stratify for 4 weeks at 4°c[138] and surface sow the seed in February/March in a greenhouse[78, 113] (the pre-chilling might not be required for this species). Germination usually takes place within 3 - 4 weeks at 21°c[138]. "

Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

8.03

"Sensitive to glyphosate and hormonetype herbicides. Very sensitive to triclopyr ester applied to basal bark (10% product in oil) and triclopyr amine in foliar application at 2% product in water."

Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii’s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa

8.04

Tolerant of mutilation: "Most fodder tree species are lopped only once a year, and only a very few species such as Buddleja asiatica are lopped twice"

Paudel, K.C. And B.N. Tiwari. 2002. Fodder and forage production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Paper 105

8.05

No, thriving in Hawaii "In the third year after the 1959 eruption, a weedy, exotic shrub, Buddleja asiatica Loureiro, began to invade the area in hordes. By the seventh year it had an 86 percent frequency of occurrence in the Kilauea Iki devastation area, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park"

)Smathers, G.A. and D.E. Gardner. 1979. Stand Analysis of an Invading Firetree (Myricafaya Aiton) Population, Hawaii. Pacific Science 33(3): 239-255