Brunfelsia densifolia .Krug & Urb. Family - Solanceae. Common Names(s) - serpentine hill raintree. Synonym(s) - NA.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) No evidence of domestication. (2) B. densifolia is a rare endemic that is native to Puerto Rico.

(2) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Puerto Rico

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400887 [cited 2009 Feb. 23].

2.02

(1) Native to Puerto Rico

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400887 [cited 2009 Feb. 23].

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones 10-11.

(1) http://www.kartuz.com/p/80081/Brunfelsia+densiflora.html [cited 2009 Feb. 24].

2.04

(1) Native to Puerto Rico

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400887 [cited 2009 Feb. 23].

2.05

The species has been introduced to several regions, but on a limited scale. (1) B. densifolia was identified as a component of the vegetation in a floristic composition study of the Doon Valley in Northwest Himalaya in the Indian subcontinent. (2 ) Top Tropicals has B. densifolia for sale online. (3) Successfully used as an ornamental shrub in south Florida.

(1) Negi, P. and P. Hajra (2007). "Alien flora of Doon Valley, Northwest Himalaya." Current Science 92(7): 968-978.  Available from: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102007/968.pdf (2) http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Brunfelsia_densifolia [cited 2009 Feb. 24]. (3) http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=6112 [cited 2009 Feb. 24]

3.01

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [cited 200 Feb. 24].

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [cited 200 Feb. 24].

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [cited 200 Feb. 24].

3.04

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [cited 200 Feb. 24].

3.05

(1) The Global Compendium of Weeds lists

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameb.htm [cited 200 Feb. 24].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) No evidence in the Parasitic plants database.

(1) http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=brunfelsia&submit=Submit+Query&search=all [cited 2008 Feb. 24].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence in PubMed. (2) No evidence in Toxnet for Brunfelsia densifolia. Several other Brunfelsia spp. were responsible for the fatal poisoning of canines.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [cited 2008 Feb 24].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) No evidence in PubMed. (2) No evidence in Toxnet for Brunfelsia densifolia.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [cited 2008 Feb 24]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [cited 2008 Feb. 24].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) B. densifolia grows in the sun or shade and prefers the shade when it is young.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

4.10

Unknown (1) Native to serpentine soils. B. densifolia is an endemic species that may be limited to the serpentine soils of Bosque Estatla de Maricao.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

4.11

(1) Tree 6-10 m tall.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Tree 6-10 m tall.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

5.02

(1) Solanaceae.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

5.03

(1) Solanaceae.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400887 [cited 2009 Feb. 23].

5.04

(1) Tree

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

6.01

(1) No evidence. (2) B. densifolia is a rare endemic that is threatened by habitat change in its natural environment.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf (2) http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=6112 [cited 2008 Feb. 24].

6.02

(1) Study on B. densiflora in Puerto Rico indicated that viable seeds were produced. However out of 4401 flowers only 72 mature fruits were produced.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

6.03

Unknown (1) Brunfelsia hybrids are cultivated in Hawaii's Botanical gardens.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.04

(1) A B. densifolia that was isolated in a garden was able to produce fruit. The author inferred that the species is self-compatible.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

6.05

[extremely long nectar tube and floral mophology indicates speciazed pollinator] (1) Pollinators of B. densifolia could not be determined from observations from the Maracao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico. There were three sightings of individuals of the species Spindalis portoricensis (Reina Mora) visiting the flowers of B. densifolia, but were only observed stealing flower nectar at its base. On several occasions, Class Hexapoda Orthoptera were observed devouring the flowers and buds. Twice isolated ants were found lurking near the anthers, but no pollen was found in the body.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

6.06

(1) Brunfelsia are propagated by seeds or cuttings.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1) B. densifolia is limited to serpentine soils in its natural environment, not in a heavily trafficked area.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

7.02

(1) Top Tropicals has B. densifolia for sale online. (2) Successfully used as an ornamental shrub in south Florida.

(1) http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Brunfelsia_densifolia [cited 2009 Feb. 24]. (2) http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=6112 [cited 2009 Feb. 24].

7.03

Not likely. (1) B. densifolia is a rare endemic of the Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

7.04

[fruits round, heavy, not dehiscent] (1) Study on the reproductive phenology of B. densifolia in the Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico was inconclusive as to propagule dispersal. No dispersers approached the fruit and the fruit dropped to the soil below the plant.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

7.05

[restricted to serpentine hills in Puerto Rico] (1) Study on the reproductive phenology of B. densifolia in the Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico was inconclusive as to propagule dispersal. No dispersers approached the fruit and the fruit dropped to the soil below the plant.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

7.06

(1) Fruit in the Brunfelsia genus are capsules. (2) fruits bright orange, shiny, [possibly attractive to birds]

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (2)http://www.virtualherbarium.org/horticulture/SalePlants.php?Type=shrub

7.07

[no mechanism for attachment] (1) Study on the reproductive phenology of B. densifolia in the Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico was inconclusive as to propagule dispersal. No dispersers approached the fruit and the fruit dropped to the soil below the plant.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

7.08

Unknown (1) Study on the reproductive phenology of B. densifolia in the Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico was inconclusive as to propagule dispersal. No dispersers approached the fruit and the fruit dropped to the soil below the plant.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

8.01

(1) Study on B. densiflora in Puerto Rico indicated that viable seeds were produced. However out of 4401 flowers only 72 mature fruits were produced.

(1) Vega López V.J. 2006. Estudios de Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb. (Solanaceae), una planta endémica rara [thesis on the internet]. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 113 p. [cited 2009 Feb.23]. Available from: http://grad.uprm.edu/tesis/vegalopez.pdf

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown