Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Bothriochloa bladhii


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 19


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem. Synonym(s) - Andropogon bladhii Retz., Andropogon caucasicus Trin., Andropogon intermedius R. Br., Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E., Hubbard, Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

19

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

Domestication has not reduced invasive characteristics (1)Cultivars have been successful mostly in areas with rainfall above 750 mm, although can tolerate as low as 600 mm/yr. Can stand temporary waterlogging and flooding, but not tolerant of permanently wet conditions.

(1)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Tropical Africa, China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Malaysia, Australia.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

2.02

2.03

(1)Occurs from sea level near the equator to >2,500 m at 32º latitude, representing a difference of some 14ºC in average annual temperature over the distributional range.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

2.04

(1)Tropical Africa, China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Malaysia, Australia.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

2.05

(1)Texas [introduced] (2)Introduced forage species in the southern United States…Missouri. Infrequent adventive, waste ground and disturbed areas. (3)Bothriochloa bladhii grows along roadsides and in rangeland pastures, waste ground, and open disturbed areas, at 150-1800 m. It is native to subtropical Asia and Africa and was introduced to the Flora region as a forage grass. It is now established in the southern and central United States.

(1)Hatch, S.L., J. L. Schuster and D. L. Drawe. 1999. Grasses of the Texas Gulf Prairies and Marshes. Texas A&M University Press. College Station, Texas. (2)Kucera, C.L. 1998. The Grasses of Missouri. University of Missouri Press. Columbia, Missouri. (3)http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Bothriochloa.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008]

3.01

(1)SW Asia and India to China, elsewhere naturalized (2)In Fiji, naturalized in dry zones on open hillsides, in pastures and canefields, and along roadsides from sea level to about 60 m (3)This collection represents a new island record for Kaho‘olawe where this grass is established, though not common, on the summit. (4)This species was mentioned in passing in the Wagner et al. (1990: 1502) as a taxon needing further study; its known distribution at that time was from Moloka‘i and the island of Hawaii. This collection is the first record from Maui. Material examined. MAUI: East Maui, south side of Kahului Airport, on roadside, 1 Dec 1995, R. Hobdy 3911.

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. (2)Smith, Albert C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 1. (3)Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. 2006. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:31-43. (4)J. SCOTTMEIDELL, H.L. OPPENHEIMER & R.T. BARTLETT.1997. New Hawaiian plant records for 1996. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:18-19.

3.02

Regarded as a weedy species, with possible negative impacts on agriculture (see Question 3.03) and environment (see Question 3.04) but direct evidence is lacking (1)weed species, sometimes invasive (2)Listed as a weed of upper midwest [potential impacts unknown] (3)Table 1. List of nonnative, invasive plants of major concern in the central grasslands of the United States. [includes Bothriochloa bladhii]

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL. (2)Czarapata. E.J. 2005. Invasive Plants of the Upper Midwest: An Illustrated Guide to Their Identification and Control. Univ of Wisconsin Press. London, UK. (3)Grace, J.B., M.D. Smith, S.L. Grace, S.L. Collins, and T.J. Stohlgren. 2001. Interactions between fire and invasive plants in temperate grasslands of North America. Pages 40–65 in K.E.M. Galley and T.P. Wilson (eds.). Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: the Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: the First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention, and Management. Miscellaneous Publication No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.

3.03

(1)recorded as a weed of rice crops [no mention of impacts] (2)Shows indications of becoming a weed of turf.

(1)Moody, K. 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia: Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute. Laguna, Philippines. (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

3.04

Experimental evidence suggest B. bladhii has negative effects on species diversity, but direct evidence from natural conditions is lacking (1)Background/Question/Methods Old World bluestems (OWB, Bothriochloa bladhii; B. ischaemum) are perennial, warm-season grasses native to Europe and Asia introduced to the U.S. in the 1920s and planted throughout the Great Plains. It has been estimated that >1 million ha have been planted to OWB in Texas and Oklahoma, alone. Until recently, studies on OWB have focused primarily on forage potential, rather than invasibility. Recent evidence suggests these species are highly invasive and reduce native biodiversity. To assess the competitive ability of this invasive grass, a greenhouse study was conducted in which native grasses (Andropogon gerardii; Schizachyrium scoparium) were grown in monoculture or in combination with OWB (2)Abstract Old World Bluestems (OWB), introduced from Europe and Asia in the 1920s, recently have begun to raise concerns in the Great Plains. Despite suggestion in the late 1950s thatOWB were weedy and negatively impacted biological diversity, they were widely introduced throughout the Great Plains for agricultural purposes. Anecdotal evidence suggests that OWB exhibit invasive characteristics that promote competitive exclusion of native species. The objective of our study was to quantify the competitive abilities of two OWB species (Caucasian bluestem; Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake (= Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.) and yellow bluestem; Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng) with three native grass species (big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash), and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.)). A greenhouse target-neighbor study was conducted to assess both interspecific and intraspecific competition. A total of 480 pots (4.4 l) filled with native soil was used with all pair-wise combinations of species and four density treatments (six replications). Vegetative tiller height, above- and belowground biomass were measured at the end of 16 weeks. Both of the OWB significantly inhibited at least one growth parameter of the three native grass species, while most of the native species did not inhibit growth of either OWB species. Growth of B. ischaemum was enhanced when grown in association with S. scoparium. Based upon the results of our study of OWB competitive superiority and previous research, many of the characteristics possessed by OWB are found to be in common with known invasive species. Hence, we propose that two OWB are competitively superior to three common native prairie species providing them with the ability to invade and threaten the native grasslands of the Central and Southern Great Plains.

(1)Wilson, G. W.T. and Karen R. Hickman. 2008.Alteration of soil function and biota by an invasive, non-native C4 grass. 93rd ESA Annual Meeting. August 3 - August 8. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (2)Schmidt, C.D., Karen R. Hickman, Rob Channell, Keith Harmoney and William Stark. 2008. Competitive abilities of native grasses and non-native (Bothriochloa spp.) grasses. Plant Ecology 197:69–80.

3.05

(1)Rodent communities in central Texas were found to have reduced species richness and abundance in OWB monocultures compared to habitats dominated by native grasses [B. ischaemum] (2)In a mixed-grass prairie habitat in south central Kansas, bird species richness, bird abundance and food availability (arthropod biomass) were significantly lower in OWB monocultures than in native rangeland. Importantly, OWB monocultures had lower heterogeneity of vegetation structure, as well as fewer forbs than the native rangeland sites, potentially contributing to the reduced species richness and abundance of the grassland birds.

(1)Sammon J and K. Wilkins. 2005. Effects of an invasive grass (Bothriochloa ischaemum) on a grassland rodent community. Tex J Sci 57:371–383 (2)Hickman K, Farley G, Channell R et al .2006. Effects of old world bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) on food availability and avian community composition within the mixed-grass prairie. Southwestern Assoc Nat 51:524–530

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Harden, G.W. 1990. Flora of New South Wales. UNSW Press. Kensington NSW, Australia.

4.02

No evidence and grows with other species (1)Grows well with legumes and other grasses. May become dominant when sown with more palatable grasses such as Digitaria eriantha .

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

4.04

(1)In semi-arid tropical and subtropical regions cultivated as a valuable grass for pasture and hay. In the south-western USA used for reseeding dry rangeland. (2)A very useful native grass for beef cattle in central and southern coastal Queensland, Australia.

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. (2)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000182.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

4.05

No evidence (1)In semi-arid tropical and subtropical regions cultivated as a valuable grass for pasture and hay. In the south-western USA used for reseeding dry rangeland. (2)No record of toxicity.

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. (2)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

4.06

No indication that these diseases are found exclusively on B. bladhii (1)In Australia, the same pests and diseases attack introduced varieties, as are found on the native ecotypes of Bothriochloa bladhii. Seed crops can be adversely affected by a leafhopper, Balclutha rubrostriata (Cicadellidae) that infests the inflorescence . Leaf rust caused by Puccinia duthiae is often severe late in the growing season, and is favoured by wet weather. The combination of rust affected leaf and the high stem component at flowering renders the forage unpalatable to livestock late in the growing season in lightly summer-grazed stands.

(1)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

4.07

(1)No record of toxicity.

(1)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

4.08

Likely to increase fire hazard if tolerant to fire (1)Very tolerant of fire. (2)Ash et al. (1982) burnt a native pasture dominated by Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii in mid-October. The proportion of green leaf increased to a maximum of 68% in the burnt pasture in January…[tolerates burning]

(1)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp. (2)Humphreys, L.R. Tropical Pasture Utilisation. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

4.09

(1)Low to moderate shade tolerance.

(1)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

4.10

(1)It is adaptable to medium-textured soils and tolerates low fertility and acid soils. However, it does not tolerate poor drainage or drought. (2)Grows on soils with textures from sandy loam to clays and hard-setting clay loams, with pH from 5.5-8.4. Grows on both fertile and infertile soils, provided exchangeable aluminium levels are fairly low.

(1)Barnes, R.F., C. Jerry Nelson, Michael Collins and Kenneth J. Moore. 2003. Forages: An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture. Blackwell Publishing. Ames, Iowa. (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

4.11

(1)Densely caespitose perennial to 1 m high.

(1)Harden, G.W. 1990. Flora of New South Wales. UNSW Press. Kensington NSW, Australia.

4.12

(1)Despite weediness, no mention of monoculture or dense thicket formation

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Poaceae

5.03

Poaceae

5.04

(1)shortly rhizomatous

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

6.02

(1)Establishment Caucasian bluestem should be seeded as the soil warms in the spring.

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_bobl.pdf [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

6.03

(1)hybridize freely with other species and genera

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

6.04

(1)Genetics/breeding Facultative apomict. (2)C4 perennial bunchgrass, reproduces by rhizomes, stolons, and seeds via apomixis

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008] (2)Schmidt C and K. Hickman.2006. Stolon production by caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii). Trans Kansas Acad Sci 109:74–76

6.05

Wind-pollinated [Poaceae]

 

6.06

(1)Spreads by seed, colonizing away from the parent stand under favourable conditions. Can spread into sward grasses such as Axonopus fissifolius and Digitaria didactyla . (2)Reproduction: Rhizomes and seeds (3)C4 perennial bunchgrass, reproduces by rhizomes, stolons, and seeds via apomixis

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008] (2)http://www.neweed.org/watchlist.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008] (3)Schmidt C and K. Hickman.2006. Stolon production by caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii). Trans Kansas Acad Sci 109:74–76

6.07

(1)Perennial or annual.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL.

7.01

Probably yes considering frequency along roadsides (1)Ability to spread naturally. It will spread slowly by seed. (2)dominant grass along roadside in thin grass. (3)Bothriochloa bladhii grows along roadsides and in rangeland pastures, waste ground, and open disturbed areas, at 150-1800 m.

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000182.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008] (2)http://www.hear.org/vouchers/pier/bish0000588374.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008] (3)http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Bothriochloa.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008]

7.02

(1)grown for pasture and hay

(1)Barnes, R.F., C. Jerry Nelson, Michael Collins and Kenneth J. Moore. 2003. Forages: An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture. Blackwell Publishing. Ames, Iowa.

7.03

Possibly a contaminant of rice crops (1)recorded as a weed of rice crops

(1)Moody, K. 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia: Reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute. Laguna, Philippines.

7.04

Probably for short distances only (1)Ability to spread naturally. It will spread slowly by seed.

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000182.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008]

7.05

Possibly dispersed by water in wet environments, but direct evidence is lacking (1)The dominant plant species include aquatic grass (Bothriochloa bladhii… (2)Can stand temporary waterlogging and flooding, but not tolerant of permanently wet conditions.

(1)Crafter, S.A., S. G. Njuguna and Geoffrey W. Howard. 1992. Wetlands of Kenya: Proceedings of the Kwwg Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya 3-5 July 1991. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland. (2)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

7.06

No evidence (1)Ability to spread naturally. It will spread slowly by seed.

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000182.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008]

7.07

No evidence (1)Ability to spread naturally. It will spread slowly by seed.

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000182.htm [Accessed 20 Nov 2008]

7.08

Unknown if viable seeds can pass through gut (1)In semi-arid tropical and subtropical regions cultivated as a valuable grass for pasture and hay. In the south-western USA used for reseeding dry rangeland. (2)A very useful native grass for beef cattle in central and southern coastal Queensland, Australia.

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. (2)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000182.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

8.01

(1)1.6 million seed units/kg.

(1)http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Bothriochloa_bladhii_subsp._glabra.htm [Accessed 19 Nov 2008]

8.02

No evidence from natural conditions (1)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox Storage Conditions: 70 % viability following drying to mc's in equilibrium with 15 % RH and freezing for 13 years at -20ºC at RBG Kew, WP.

(1)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

(1)Tolerant of pre- and post-emergent (2-3-leaf stage) applications of metsulfuron methyl and triasulfuron. Susceptible to imazapic in both pre- and post-emergent treatments.

(1)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

8.04

(1)Ash et al. (1982) burnt a native pasture dominated by Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii in mid-October. The proportion of green leaf increased to a maximum of 68% in the burnt pasture in January…[tolerates burning] (2)Tolerant of heavy grazing, including by sheep, adjusting growth habit to prostrate to accommodate pressure. Grazing should be managed to maintain as leafy a sward as possible, entailing increasing grazing pressure at flowering if necessary...Fire Very tolerant of fire.

(1)Humphreys, L.R. Tropical Pasture Utilisation. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. (2)Pengelly, B.C., Hall, E., Auricht, G., Bennell, M., and Cook, B.G. 2006. Identifying potential pasture species for grazing systems in the Mallee- Wimmera. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. 109pp.

8.05

No evidence (1)This species was mentioned in passing in the Wagner et al. (1990: 1502) as a taxon needing further study; its known distribution at that time was from Moloka‘i and the island of Hawaii. This collection is the first record from Maui. Material examined. MAUI: East Maui, south side of Kahului Airport, on roadside, 1 Dec 1995, R. Hobdy 3911.

(4)J. SCOTT MEIDELL, H.L. OPPENHEIMER & R.T. BARTLETT.1997. New Hawaiian plant records for 1996. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:18-19.


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