Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bauhinia monandra (syn. Caspareopsis monandra); pink orchid tree, pink bauhinia, pink butterfly tree, Napoleon's plume)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

y

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

3

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

n

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1) Fairly common as an invader of disturbed forest on Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands. (2) Its considered a weed on Guam. (3) 'New naturalized record for the state. Bauhinia monandra can be distinguished from all other indigenous and naturalized Fabaceae in Hawaii by its simple bilobed leaves 8 -15 cm long...'

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm (2)TI: INTRODUCED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS THAT HAVE BECOME WEEDS ON GUAM NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN.
AU: MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R
SO: Micronesica-. 1991; (SUPPL. 3): 47-50..
(3)Bishop museum occasional papers. 1999. Sept 30. V 59: 3-6

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native to Asia and Myanmar. (2)Origin: Probably Madagascar
(3)Native to Burma (4)Native range: Tropical America
(5)Original native area uncertain, but perhaps American.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Bauhinia_monandra.html  (3)http://dsp-159.innerhost.com/mgonline/BauhiniaMonandra/monandra.html  (4)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm and http://www.greendealer-exotic-seeds.com/seeds/Bauhinia.html (5)http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/480.shtml

2.02

(1)Native to Asia and Myanmar. (2)Origin: Probably Madagascar
(3)Native to Burma (4)Native range: Tropical America
(5)Original native area uncertain, but perhaps American.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Bauhinia_monandra.html  (3)http://dsp-159.innerhost.com/mgonline/BauhiniaMonandra/monandra.html  (4)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm and http://www.greendealer-exotic-seeds.com/seeds/Bauhinia.html (5)http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/480.shtml

2.03

(1)Distributional range:
Native:
AFRICA
Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar
Other: widely cultivated in tropics [vague; little information on extent of range or tolerances] (2)The dry conditions very much encourage blooming. (3)USDA: 10b-12

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Bauhinia+monandra (14 January 2004)  (2)http://www.mgonline.com/instructions__monandra.html (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Bauhinia_monandra.html

2.04

(1)Native to Asia and Myanmar. (2)Origin: Probably Madagascar
(3)Native to Burma (4)Native range: Tropical America
(5)Original native area uncertain, but perhaps American.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.  (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Bauhinia_monandra.html  (3)http://dsp-159.innerhost.com/mgonline/BauhiniaMonandra/monandra.html  (4)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm and http://www.greendealer-exotic-seeds.com/seeds/Bauhinia.html (5)http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/480.shtml

2.05

Widespread in cultivation

http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

3.01

(1) Fairly common as an invader of disturbed forest on Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands. (2) Its considered a weed on Guam. (3) 'New naturalized record for the state. Bauhinia monandra can be distinguished from all other indigenous and naturalized Fabaceae in Hawaii by its simple bilobed leaves 8 -15 cm long...'

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm (2)TI: INTRODUCED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS THAT HAVE BECOME WEEDS ON GUAM NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN.
AU: MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R
SO: Micronesica-. 1991; (SUPPL. 3): 47-50..
(3)Bishop museum occasional papers. 1999. Sept 30. V 59: 3-6

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

'Introduced ornamental plants that are considered weeds on Guam include Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Coccinia grandia, Bauhinia monandra Kurz., Clerodendrum quadriloculare …' "has becom established in many wooded areas in Guam"

AU: MCCONNELL-J {a}; MUNIAPPAN-R SO: Micronesica-. 1991; (SUPPL. 3): 47-50..

3.05

Bauhinia variegata is an environmental weed of Florida

FLEPPC Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. 1999. Invasive plant list (http://www.fleppc.org/, 19 October 1999). Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

4.01

(1) In field trials near Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, seeds of maize cv. TZPB white were soaked in aerated or non-aerated aqueous extracts of the testa or cotyledons of B. monandra before sowing 25 cm apart with 90 cm between rows. All testa extracts significantly increased leaf length, width and area at nodes 4-14 measured at the milky stage of grain development and internode length of nodes 1-14 measured at maturity. Aerated and non-areated cotyledon extracts increased grain number/cob by 29 and 41%, resp.
(2) In field trials in Rivers State, Nigeria in 1985-87, 30-cm stem cuttings of cassava cv. Nwacha were soaked for 96 h in aerated or non-aerated extracts from cotyledons or testas of B. monandra and planted in May 1.0 m apart with 1.0 m between rows. All extracts significantly increased tuber yields and shoot weight at harvest in March and leaf numbers/plant 2 week earlier. Aerated cotyledon extract increased foliar contents of N, Ca, K, Mn and Zn in December by 40, 17.2, 12.2, 15.3 and 43% compared with resp

(2) Russom, Z (1992) Effect of extracts from Bauhinia monandra (Kurz) seeds on cassava. Turrialba, 1992, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 165-168, 10 ref.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

"Based on fodder production and quality, C. arenarium, D. strigillosum, D. velutinum, B. monandra, I. edulis and A. niopoides were the most promising species for the development of animal agroforestry technologies in the West African forest-savanna transition zone and similar environments in the tropics."
[a prefered fodder species]

4.04

No evidence

4.05

The fungi Leptothyrium erosum was found to be associated with B. monandra. No evidence that this fungus is a recognized pest.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.06

No evidence

4.07

shrubby, deciduous and tolerates drought [possibly a fire hazard]

4.08

Sun Exposure: Full sun to light shade

http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/BAUSPPA.pdf

4.09

(1)In Puerto Rico, it grows in areas that receive 900 to 2000 mm of rainfall annually and that have moist, well-drained soils (Francis and Liogier 1991). The species does not grow well on nutrient-poor sites. (2)Sensitive to chlorosis, treat with iron chelate. (3)'monandra' is happy in loose sandy soil with good drainage.

(1)http://www.rngr.net/Reforestation/Publications/TTSM/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Bauhinia%20monadra.pdf (2)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=BAUHINIA_MONANDRA (3)http://www.mgonline.com/instructions__monandra.html

4.1

Not climbing.

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/480.shtml

4.11

No evidence

4.12

terrestrial

5.01

Deciduous shrub/small tree in Phoenix, to 20 feet (6 m)

5.02

(1) Perennial tree. No evidence that it can fix nitrogen, (2) on a list of nitrogen fixing shrub and trees [the second reference appears credible]

(1) http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/480.shtml (2) http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/nftlist.htm

5.03

Deciduous shrub/small tree in Phoenix, to 20 feet (6 m)

5.04

Probably yes - (1)Picture of flowers (2)Once your tree is about 3 years old, it will begin blooming.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm (2)http://mgonline.com/instructions__monandra.html

6.01

Propagation: Seed

http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

6.02

No evidence

6.03

No evidence

6.04

(1)Only a single stamen produces pollen, which distinguishes this species from other similar members of the genus. [implies some specialized visitation may be needed to transfer pollen] (2)Don’t know. Cannot tell from picture of flowers [No direct evidence of Bauhinia monandra. Other yellow flowered Bauhinia species can be bat-pollinated.]

(1)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=
1975&urlSQL=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27%25%27
+&TotalOffset=344&TotalNum=3573&PHPSESSID=fb718bbabb0439f817f8e79d0a7c006c (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

6.05

Propagation: Seed

http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

6.06

Once your tree is about 3 years old, it will begin blooming

http://mgonline.com/instructions__monandra.html

6.07

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

(1) http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/monand.html (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

7.01

Probably yes - widely cultivated as an ornamental.

7.02

Probably not - seeds relatively large. 'Fruit, dark pod to 10 cm long, 1.5cm wide and thin, containing 5 to 11 seeds.'

http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/monand.html

7.03

The fruits are dark, dehiscent pods, 2.5 cm wide, 15.2 to 30.5 cm long, and pointed at the apex. While still on the tree, they split open with force,scattering the seeds [no specific adaptations - gravity]

http://www.rngr.net/Reforestation/Publications/TTSM/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Bauhinia%20monadra.pdf

7.04

no evidence that the species inhabits coasts or waterways.

7.05

seeds are enclosed in a dry, dehiscent pod, [no reports of bird dispersal]

(1) http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/monand.html (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

7.06

no evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment.

(1) http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/monand.html (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm

7.07

Don’t know if ungulates disperse seed.

7.08

Probably not seeds relatively large. (1)Fruit, dark pod to 10 cm long, 1.5cm wide and thin, containing 5 to 11 seeds.
(2)pod 15-18 cm long, flattened, leathery, rather shiny brownish or black; seeds ovate, compressed, dull brown
(3) seeds average 5,680 per kg (4)5-11 seeds per pod

(1) http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/monand.html (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/bamon.htm
(3) http://www.rngr.net/Reforestation/Publications/TTSM/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Bauhinia%20monadra.pdf (4)http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/monand.html

8.01

(1) 'Seeds of B. monandra were subjected to six treatments: mechanical and sulfuric acid scarification (20 minutes), immersion in gibberellic acid solution (200 ppm) and in hot water (85 deg C for a period of 8 h), pre-freezing (4 deg C for a period of 10 days) and control (without any treatment). ... It is concluded that the most probable cause of dormancy, in both species, is the impermeability of the seed coating and the most efficient treatments to overcome dormancy of the seeds under study were immersion in sulfuric acid (20 minutes) for B. monandra and mechanical scarification of the seed coating for B. ungulate.' [the seeds show dormancy.]
(2) Dry seeds should store well for at least 3 years. Bauhinia monandra seeds can begin germinating 4 days after being
placed on moist filter paper, and the final germination can be 100 percent (Francis and Rodriguez 1993). [orthodox in seed storage but germinate readily once wet]

(2) http://www.rngr.net/Reforestation/Publications/TTSM/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Bauhinia%20monadra.pdf

8.02

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.03

Don’t know

8.04

Don’t know

8.05