Astronium graveolens Jacq. Family - Anacardiaceae. Common Names(s) - Goncalo alves, zebrawood, tigerwood. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992)...Latitude between 30°N and 24°S

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

(1)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992)...Latitude between 30°N and 24°S

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)Climatic amplitude (estimates)
- Altitude range: 30 - 1000 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 1200 - 2000 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; bimodal; uniform
- Dry season duration: > 3 months
- Mean annual temperature: 18 - 22ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 22 - 26ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 13 - 18ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: > -2ºC

2.04

(1)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992)...Latitude between 30°N and 24°S

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

(1)In Brazil it also frequently appears in coffee and Eucalyptus plantations. This species is used in agroforestry systems especially in coffee crops and pastures, also in environmental reforestments. It is recommended for gallery forest restoration. It has great potential to be used in revegetation due to its rusticity. It is inadequate for use in plantations and is usually grown in mixed-tree plantations associated with pioneer species. [no evidence]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.03

(1)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992).

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.04

(1)Howler monkeys feed on the leaves of Astronium

(1)Else, J. G. and P. C. Lee (eds.). Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

4.05

(1)Uses include medicinal products; pesticides; bark products; honey [no evidence of toxicity to animals]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Uses include medicinal products; pesticides; bark products; honey [members of Anacardiaceae often cause allergic reactions, but no evidence]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.08

(1)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Equador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992). It is a long-living tree that emerges from the primary forest canopy, and has slow to moderate growth. It is not very common in open areas; when it does occur it tends to be smaller. It has been reported to develop well under direct sunlight (Lorenzi, 1992; Durigan et al., 1997). In Brazil it also frequently appears in coffee and Eucalyptus plantations. This species is used in agroforestry systems especially in coffee crops and pastures, also in environmental reforestments. It is recommended for gallery forest restoration. It has great potential to be used in revegetation due to its rusticity. It is inadequate for use in plantations and is usually grown in mixed-tree plantations associated with pioneer species. [no evidence]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1)It is not very common in open areas; when it does occur it tends to be smaller. It has been reported to develop well under direct sunlight [shade tolerance unknown]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.10

(1)Soil descriptors - Soil texture: medium; heavy - Soil drainage: free - Soil reaction: acid - Special soil tolerances: shallow; infertile (2)It does not tolerate waterlogging or heavy clay soils. Best growth is obtained on lighter soils with less than 40% clay, neutral pH and good drainage.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Salazar, R. and D. Jøker. 2000. Astronium graveolens. Seed Leaflet 32. Available from http://www.sl.life.ku.dk/upload/astronium_graveolens_int.pdf [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

4.11

(1)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992).

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

(1)No evidence (2)Very abundant tree in older secondary deciduous forest. [no evidence of thicket formation]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Enquist, B. J. and J. J. Sullivan. 2001. Vegetative key and descriptions of tree species of the tropical dry forests of upland Sector Santa Rosa, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Available from http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/paginas_especie/plantae_online/EnquistSullivanTreeKey.pdf [Accessed 08 Sep 2009]

5.01

(1)Astronium graveolens is a medium-to-large tree that reaches 8 to 35 m in height and 35 to 100 cm d.b.h.

(1)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

5.02

(1)Anacardiaceae

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

(1)Anacardiaceae

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

(1)Astronium graveolens is a medium-to-large tree that reaches 8 to 35 m in height and 35 to 100 cm d.b.h.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

(1)- Seed storage recalcitrant
- Vegetative propagation by cuttings
- Stand establishment using natural regeneration; planting stock

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Dioecious tree (2)sexes usually on separate plants

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Standford, CA. (2)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson, and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A field guide to plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press US, New York, NY.

6.05

(1)Table 1. Anemophilous dioecious trees of Chamela: taxonomy, pollen morphology and phenology. [includes Astronium graveolens] (2)In the Neotropics, several families have species that are partially or exclusively wind-pollinated (Bullock 1994, Kubitzki 1993). These species include Astronium graveolens Jacq.,..

(1)Bullock, S. H. 1994. Wind Pollination of Neotropical Dioecious Trees. Biotropica 26(2): 172-179. (2)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.06

(1)- Ability to sucker; self-prune [distance of suckers from parent tree unknown]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

(1) It is a long-living tree that emerges from the primary forest canopy, and has slow to moderate growth. [probably >4 years]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.01

(1)The small flowers are produced in large axillary panicles, and are followed in February and March by the small, dry, 1-seeded fruits which are enclosed in the segments of the 5-parted, accresscent calyx. These expand at maturity and act as revolving parachutes for the dispersal of seeds. (2)In the unit of dispersal (diaspore), the petals are shiny brown-yellow, papyrus-like, and acrescent. They open and extend in a star-like shape when the fruit is maturing and contribute to its wind dispersal, acting in a samara-like fashion. The fruit is ellipsoid; 10 to 15 mm long; brown, bluish, or blackish when mature; with a single seed. It is often crowned by the styles. The fruit has a chartaceous exocarp and a yellow resinous mesocarp. The hard brown endocarp surrounds the membranous seedcoat. The seed is oblong or ellipsoid, 9 to 10 mm long, and 4 to 6 mm wide. The embryo is fleshy and ellipsoidal...Fruits (seeds) must be collected directly from the tree before wind dispersal. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Allen, P. H. 1977. The rain forests of Golfo Dulce. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.02

(1)A. graveolens shows good ornamental characteristics that make it ideal for landscape design, especially in parks and large gardens. Its hard, heavy and extremely durable wood is used for high-class furniture and cabinet making, it is excellent for turnery and decorative work, and also for speciality items such as knife handles, brush backs, archery bows and carving (Carvalho, 1994). The tree has apicultural interest and its bark is reported to have medicinal properties. (2)Hawaii is filled with exotic-looking trees but many of them didn’t start out there. Here’s a list of what you’ll see at the tree farms:..Zebrawood (Astronium graveolens): Native to Mexico, Central and South America. Grows to 120 feet tall and 24-40 feet in diameter. Among the most outstanding heavy, durable construction timbers and highly favored for fine furniture, cabinetwood, and decorative veneers, as well as specialty items including knife handles, archery bows, billiard cue butts. [planted as a timber resource]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Haapoja, M. A. 2007. Tree farming in Paradise. American Forests 113(2): 28-32.

7.03

(1)The small flowers are produced in large axillary panicles, and are followed in February and March by the small, dry, 1-seeded fruits which are enclosed in the segments of the 5-parted, accresscent calyx. These expand at maturity and act as revolving parachutes for the dispersal of seeds. (2)In the unit of dispersal (diaspore), the petals are shiny brown-yellow, papyrus-like, and acrescent. They open and extend in a star-like shape when the fruit is maturing and contribute to its wind dispersal, acting in a samara-like fashion. The fruit is ellipsoid; 10 to 15 mm long; brown, bluish, or blackish when mature; with a single seed. It is often crowned by the styles. The fruit has a chartaceous exocarp and a yellow resinous mesocarp. The hard brown endocarp surrounds the membranous seedcoat. The seed is oblong or ellipsoid, 9 to 10 mm long, and 4 to 6 mm wide. The embryo is fleshy and ellipsoidal...Fruits (seeds) must be collected directly from the tree before wind dispersal. [no evidence of contamination in produce and seeds relatively large]

(1)Allen, P. H. 1977. The rain forests of Golfo Dulce. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.04

(1)The small flowers are produced in large axillary panicles, and are followed in February and March by the small, dry, 1-seeded fruits which are enclosed in the segments of the 5-parted, accresscent calyx. These expand at maturity and act as revolving parachutes for the dispersal of seeds. (2)In the unit of dispersal (diaspore), the petals are shiny brown-yellow, papyrus-like, and acrescent. They open and extend in a star-like shape when the fruit is maturing and contribute to its wind dispersal, acting in a samara-like fashion. The fruit is ellipsoid; 10 to 15 mm long; brown, bluish, or blackish when mature; with a single seed. It is often crowned by the styles. The fruit has a chartaceous exocarp and a yellow resinous mesocarp. The hard brown endocarp surrounds the membranous seedcoat. The seed is oblong or ellipsoid, 9 to 10 mm long, and 4 to 6 mm wide. The embryo is fleshy and ellipsoidal...Fruits (seeds) must be collected directly from the tree before wind dispersal.

(1)Allen, P. H. 1977. The rain forests of Golfo Dulce. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.05

(1)The small flowers are produced in large axillary panicles, and are followed in February and March by the small, dry, 1-seeded fruits which are enclosed in the segments of the 5-parted, accresscent calyx. These expand at maturity and act as revolving parachutes for the dispersal of seeds. (2)In the unit of dispersal (diaspore), the petals are shiny brown-yellow, papyrus-like, and acrescent. They open and extend in a star-like shape when the fruit is maturing and contribute to its wind dispersal, acting in a samara-like fashion. The fruit is ellipsoid; 10 to 15 mm long; brown, bluish, or blackish when mature; with a single seed. It is often crowned by the styles. The fruit has a chartaceous exocarp and a yellow resinous mesocarp. The hard brown endocarp surrounds the membranous seedcoat. The seed is oblong or ellipsoid, 9 to 10 mm long, and 4 to 6 mm wide. The embryo is fleshy and ellipsoidal...Fruits (seeds) must be collected directly from the tree before wind dispersal.

(1)Allen, P. H. 1977. The rain forests of Golfo Dulce. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.06

(1)Drupes narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 cm long, subterete. (2)The fruits are drupe-like nuts, blue to black at maturity. The single seed is enclosed in a bitter-sweet pulp. (3)TABLE 2. Foraging observations for Yellow-naped and White-fronted parrots. [feed on seeds of Astronium graveolens, and are therefore seed predators]

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Sacandé, M., D. Joker, M.E. Dulloo and K.A. Thomsen. 2004. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. (3)MATUZAK, G. D., M. BERNADETTE BEZY, AND D. J. BRIGHTSMITH. 2008. FORAGING ECOLOGY OF PARROTS IN A MODIFIED LANDSCAPE: SEASONAL TRENDS AND INTRODUCED SPECIES. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120(2): 353–365.

7.07

(1)The small flowers are produced in large axillary panicles, and are followed in February and March by the small, dry, 1-seeded fruits which are enclosed in the segments of the 5-parted, accresscent calyx. These expand at maturity and act as revolving parachutes for the dispersal of seeds. (2)In the unit of dispersal (diaspore), the petals are shiny brown-yellow, papyrus-like, and acrescent. They open and extend in a star-like shape when the fruit is maturing and contribute to its wind dispersal, acting in a samara-like fashion. The fruit is ellipsoid; 10 to 15 mm long; brown, bluish, or blackish when mature; with a single seed. It is often crowned by the styles. The fruit has a chartaceous exocarp and a yellow resinous mesocarp. The hard brown endocarp surrounds the membranous seedcoat. The seed is oblong or ellipsoid, 9 to 10 mm long, and 4 to 6 mm wide. The embryo is fleshy and ellipsoidal...Fruits (seeds) must be collected directly from the tree before wind dispersal. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Allen, P. H. 1977. The rain forests of Golfo Dulce. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.08

(1)Drupes narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 cm long, subterete. (2)The fruits are drupe-like nuts, blue to black at maturity. The single seed is enclosed in a bitter-sweet pulp. [unknown if seeds are dispersed or merely depredated by birds]

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (2)Sacandé, M., D. Joker, M.E. Dulloo and K.A. Thomsen. 2004. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

8.01

(1)The small flowers are produced in large axillary panicles, and are followed in February and March by the small, dry, 1-seeded fruits which are enclosed in the segments of the 5-parted, accresscent calyx. (2)A. graveolens is a common tree in the upland forests of many regions from Mexico and Central America through to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, reaching diameters of 1 m or more and a maximum height of 30 m (Lorenzi, 1992). It is a long-living tree that emerges from the primary forest canopy, and has slow to moderate growth.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Allen, P. H. 1977. The rain forests of Golfo Dulce. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

8.02

(1)- Seed storage recalcitrant
- Vegetative propagation by cuttings
- Stand establishment using natural regeneration; planting stock (2)The seeds keep their viability for 3 months if they are stored at 15 °C with an average moisture content of 15 to 25 percent. However, there is no germination (0 percent) after 1 year of storage (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza 1998b). The seeds lose viability in less than 1 month if stored at ambient temperature and humidity. The seed is suspected to be recalcitrant, as are other members of the family such as mango (Mangifera indica L.). Fresh seeds have shown 80 to 90 percent germination without any special treatment (Brenes 1994).

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

Unknown [no information on control]

8.04

(1)- Ability to sucker; self-prune

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Unknown