Arthrostemma ciliatum Pavón ex D. Don. Family - Melastomataceae. Common Names(s) - Pinkfringe, Arthrostemma, Everblooming eavender. Synonym(s) - Arthrostemma latifolium D. Don.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Standley, P.C. and L. O. Williams. 1963. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: BOTANY Vol. 24, Part VII, Number 4.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to the Neotropics; in Hawaii occasionally cultivated and locally naturalized at Manoa, Tantalus, southern Opae`ula ridge, and Castle Trail, Oahu, and in the Kona District of Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.02

(1)Native to the Neotropics; in Hawaii occasionally cultivated and locally naturalized at Manoa, Tantalus, southern Opae`ula ridge, and Castle Trail, Oahu, and in the Kona District of Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.03

(1)Altitude: Sea level to 1700 m [elevation range >1000 m]

(1)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. New York.

2.04

(1)Native to the Neotropics; in Hawaii occasionally cultivated and locally naturalized at Manoa, Tantalus, southern Opae`ula ridge, and Castle Trail, Oahu, and in the Kona District of Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Only mentioned from Hawaii

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.01

(1)Native to the Neotropics; in Hawaii occasionally cultivated and locally naturalized at Manoa, Tantalus, southern Opae`ula ridge, and Castle Trail, Oahu, and in the Kona District of Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/arthrostemma_ciliatum/ [Accessed 10 Nov 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/arthrostemma_ciliatum/ [Accessed 10 Nov 2009]

3.04

(1)The major threats to Cyanea crispa are habitat alteration and predation by feral pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species Arthrostemma ciliatum (NCN), Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), Schinus terebinthifolius, Setaria palmifolia (palm grass), and Zingiber zerumbet (awapuhi); and extinction due to naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals, their limited gene pool, and restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482). (2)Kīpāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve (NARS)...Mauka of Highway 11 below 1,100m many target invasive tree species (strawberry guava and bingabing (Macaranga mappa)), shrub species (common guava, christmas berry, and clidemia) and herbaceous species (Cape ivy, arthrostemma or everblooming eavender (Arthrostemma ciliatum), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare), telegraph weed (Heterotheca grandiflora), sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) are present. [A. ciliatum listed as a target species for eradication/control] (3)It is plentiful in many places in Guatemala and is often weedy in character.

(1)Federal Register: June 17, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 116). http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2003-06-17-03-11156 [Accessed 10 Nov 2009] (2)Rubenstein, T. and P. Berkowitz. 2009. Three Mountain Alliance Weed Management Plan. http://hawp.org/_library/documents/three-mountain-alliance/tmaweedplanjune2009.pdf [Accessed 10 Nov 2009] (3)Standley, P.C. and L. O. Williams. 1963. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: BOTANY Vol. 24, Part VII, Number 4.

3.05

(1)Arthrostemma sp. listed as a weed [no description of impacts]

(1)Garcia, J.G., MacBryde, B., Molina, A.R. and Herrera-MacBryde, O. 1975. Prevalent Weeds of Central America. International Plant Protection Centre, El Salvador.

4.01

(1)Scandent perennial herbs; stems succulent; 1-4 m long, glabrous or glandular pilose. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-4.3 cm long, 1.4-4.5 cm wide, 5-7-nerved, upper surface sparsely bristly, lower surface glabrous to glandular bristly, margins ciliolate-serrulate, apex acute to long-acuminate, base truncate to subcordate, petioles 0.6-3.2 cm long

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)Scandent perennial herbs; stems succulent; 1-4 m long, glabrous or glandular pilose. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-4.3 cm long, 1.4-4.5 cm wide, 5-7-nerved, upper surface sparsely bristly, lower surface glabrous to glandular bristly, margins ciliolate-serrulate, apex acute to long-acuminate, base truncate to subcordate, petioles 0.6-3.2 cm long [no evidence]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

Unknown

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Herb. Fleshy, square stems are eaten raw to treat pain during urination. [no evidence of toxicity] (2)The foliage has a decidedly acid flavor and for this reason men working in cultivated fields or along the roads often chew it and say that they feel much refreshed. This use of the plant is apparently not known elsewhere.

(1)Hazlett, D. L. 1986. Ethnobotanical Observations from Cabecar and Guaymí Settlements in Central America. Economic Botany 40(3): 339-352. (2)Standley, P.C. and L. O. Williams. 1963. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: BOTANY Vol. 24, Part VII, Number 4.

4.08

(1)Sprawling, vinelike herb, stems 4-sided, 1-4 m long, pale green, rather succulent…Habitat: Wet to moist forests and open sites, roadsides, ditches [unlikely to be a fire hazard given succulent stems and wet habitat]

(1)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. New York.

4.09

(1)Moist thickets or mixed forest, often in pine forest, common in second growth thickets, at 1,500 meters or usually much less; Alta Verapaz; Izabal; Jutiapa; Santa Rosa; Escuintla; Suchitepe"quez ; Retalhuleu; Solola; Quezaltenango; San Marcos; Huehuetenango; Zacapa. Mexico; British Honduras to Panama; Jamaica; South America south to Bolivia. [moist thickets and forest suggest species will tolerate shade, although it is more common in higher light areas along roads or trails]

(1)Standley, P.C. and L. O. Williams. 1963. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: BOTANY Vol. 24, Part VII, Number 4.

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1)Sprawling growth smothers smaller plants in pastures and along forest edges

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

4.12

(1)Sprawling, vinelike herb, stems 4-sided, 1-4 m long, pale green, rather succulent…Habitat: Wet to moist forests and open sites, roadsides, ditches [no evidence that it forms thickets, but can smother other plants. See 4.11]

(1)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. New York.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Melastomataceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Melastomataceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)Scandent perennial herbs; stems succulent; 1-4 m long, glabrous or glandular pilose. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-4.3 cm long, 1.4-4.5 cm wide, 5-7-nerved, upper surface sparsely bristly, lower surface glabrous to glandular bristly, margins ciliolate-serrulate, apex acute to long-acuminate, base truncate to subcordate, petioles 0.6-3.2 cm long [no evidence]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. New York.

6.02

(1)Fruiting hypanthium oblong-ellipsoid, 15-20 mm long, 8-9 mm wide. Seeds ca. 1 mm long

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Flowers lavender pink, radially symmetrical, about 4 cm wide, petals 4, 2-3 cm long, about 1 cm wide, easily deciduous, anthers yellow, with lavender filaments, flower buds red, solitary in axils; blooms all year [unspecialized flowers] (2)The showy flowers generally do not produce nectar, and insects (often bumblebees) visit to collect pollen by vibrating or otherwise manipulating the terminally pored anthers. [family description]

(1)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. New York. (2)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to the Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)Sprawling, vinelike herb, stems 4-sided, 1-4 m long, pale green, rather succulent…Habitat: Wet to moist forests and open sites, roadsides, ditches [sprawling habit suggests that plant might be able to spread vegetatively]

(1)Gargiullo, M. B., B. L. Magnuson and L. D. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. New York.

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)The A. ciliatum at this site has the potential to be spread by military personnel, via foot and/or vehicle traffic within the East Range land navigation area. This area was roped off at the beginning of the year to restrict vehicle and personnel access. NRS visited this site four times this year (Table 1.2.8). Forty-three plants (mature 1, immature 16, seedling 26) were controlled during site visits by hand pulling and/or spraying. NRS will continue to deplete the seed bank during quarterly site visits.

(1)OANRP Staff. 2007 Status Reports for the Mākua Implementation Plan and the Draft O‘ahu Implementation Plan. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/DPW.htm [Accessed 10 Nov 2009]

7.02

(1)Grown as an ornamental

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI

7.03

(1)No evidence [and not grown with produce]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/arthrostemma_ciliatum/ [Accessed 10 Nov 2009]

7.04

(1)fruit a 4-valved capsule, enclosed in the accrescent hypanthium; seed cochleate, with about 8 rows of tubercles. (2)Fruiting hypanthium oblong-ellipsoid, 15-20 mm long, 8-9 mm wide. Seeds ca. 1 mm long [capsule with small seeds may be wind-dispersed, but evidence inconclusive]

(1)Liogier, H.A. 1995. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Vol. 4. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR. (2)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.05

(1)fruit a 4-valved capsule, enclosed in the accrescent hypanthium; seed cochleate, with about 8 rows of tubercles. [no evidence]

(1)Liogier, H.A. 1995. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Vol. 4. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR.

7.06

(1)fruit a 4-valved capsule, enclosed in the accrescent hypanthium; seed cochleate, with about 8 rows of tubercles. [not fleshy fruited]

(1)Liogier, H.A. 1995. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Vol. 4. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR.

7.07

(1)Fruiting hypanthium oblong-ellipsoid, 15-20 mm long, 8-9 mm wide. Seeds ca. 1 mm long [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.08

(1)fruit a 4-valved capsule, enclosed in the accrescent hypanthium; seed cochleate, with about 8 rows of tubercles. [not fleshy fruited, and no evidence of ingestion]

(1)Liogier, H.A. 1995. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Vol. 4. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR.

8.01

(1)seeds numerous, semi-ovoid, with about 8 rows of tubercles. [possibly, as seeds are very small, but numbers per capsule unknown]

(1)Standley, P.C. and L. O. Williams. 1963. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: BOTANY Vol. 24, Part VII, Number 4.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

(1)The A. ciliatum at this site does not have the potential to be spread by military personnel or vehicles. This patch of A. cliliatum is located about mid-slope on a steep bank of a gulch. This site was visited two times this year, in which 11 immature plants were hand pulled (Table 1.2.8). This site is on a steep slope making both hand pulling and spraying difficult. NRS will continue to spray immature and seedlings in this area during quarterly site visits.

(1)OANRP Staff. 2007 Status Reports for the Mākua Implementation Plan and the Draft O‘ahu Implementation Plan. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/DPW.htm [Accessed 10 Nov 2009]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown