Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

>4

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10

1.01

No, although cultivars exist where are more invasive than the wild varieties (1)"Comparison of the wild genotype that grows in mature evergreen broadleaf forests in central Kyushu, Japan, with the ecotype invading north central Florida revealed how selection for desirable cultivars might have inadvertently selected for traits that enhance the invasive potential of the species."

(1)Kitajima, K., A.M. Fox, T. Sato and D. Nagamatsu. 2006. Cultivar selection prior to introduction may increase invasiveness: evidence from Ardisia crenata. Biological Invasions 8:1471-1482

1.02

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

1.03

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

2.01

(1)"Ardisia crenata is the most widely distributed species of the genus, with a natural range that extends from northeastern India and Tibet to Japan, southern Asia, and east as far as the Philapines." (2)"Native range: China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam."

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages (2)Invasive Species Specialist Group. Webpage: The Global Invasive Species Database. Accessed 2008. http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/

2.02

Native range well known

2.03

(1)"Most widely distributed Ardisia worldwide. Naturalized on 2 islands in Hawaii, and noted as an escapee in wet forest remnants in Mauritius over 60 years ago. Reported from Florida natural areas in Alachua, Flagler, Gadsden, Highlands, Hillsborough, Leon, Liberty, Marion, Martin, and Orange counties. Recorded by herbarium specimens from Alachua, Citrus, Franklin, Gadsden, Hernando, Highlands, Leon, Marion, Orange, and Pasco counties."

(1)Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 166 pages

2.04

(1)"In Hawaii, it (Ardesia crenata) is naturalized at least on the Big Island and Oahu in moist forest habitats."

2.05

Widely cultivated for its ornamental fruits

3.01

(1)"Seen naturalized in hardwood hammocks across USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9, including several areas in northern Florida" (2)"Naturalized in disturbed mesic valleys and forest, at least in Waiahole-Waikane and upper Manoa valleys, Oahu, and the vicinity of Hilo, Hawaii."

(1)Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 166 pages (2)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

3.02

Possibly, mentioned as a garden pest (1)

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

3.03

Possibly "agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed"

(1)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.04

(1)"Recently reported as new to Texas flora, dominating understories in portions of two reserves. May reach densities of greater than 100 plants per m2. Native plant species richness substantially lower in its presence, regardless of its density or the site history; also reduces the already dim light of forest understories by an additional 70%, potentially shading out native seedlings (H. Dozier, University of Florida, unpublished data). Mature naturalized plants usually surrounded by a carpet of seedlings, displacing small native ground cover such as violets, Viola spp., and wakerobins, Trillium spp.."

(1)Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 166 pages

3.05

(1)"Shoebutton ardisia is an invasive plant from Asia that infests subtropical forests and seasonal wetlands in southern Florida. "

(1)Siso, C.L. and G.M. Burzycki. 2004. Survival of Shoebutton Ardisia (Ardisia elliptica) in Forested Wetlands After Cut-Stump Treatment with Triclopyr. Weed Technology 18(5):1422-1426

4.01

Not spiny

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

4.02

No evidence

4.03

Not among the parasitic plant genera(1)

(1)USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

(1)"There are two cases in Florida where this plant was suspected to be the causal agent for the death of livestock in 2001 and 2007." (This suggests that the plant was eaten by livestock voluntarily)

(1)B.A. Sellers, K.A. Langeland, J.A. Ferrell, M. Meisenberg, and J. Walter. 2007. Identification and Control of Coral Ardisia (Ardisia crenata): A Potentially Poisonous Plant. FL Cooperative Extension Service Technical Document: SS AGR 276

4.05

Possibly. (1)"Toxicity. There is no published literature supporting the theory that coral ardisia is toxic. However, there are two cases in Florida where this plant was suspected to be the causal agent for the death of livestock in 2001 and 2007. Berries tend to persist on the plant nearly year-round. It is suspected that the berries and/or foliage are poisonous to livestock, pets, and humans."

4.06

Though attacked by Fusarium solani, Ardisia is one of many host plant species

Chuen Hsu, F. and C. Tun Tschu. 1999. Foot rot of Ardisia crenata caused by Fusarium solani. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 14(2): 223-227

4.07

Possibly "Toxicity. (1)There is no published literature supporting the theory that coral ardisia is toxic. However, there are two cases in Florida where this plant was suspected to be the causal agent for the death of livestock in 2001 and 2007. Berries tend to persist on the plant nearly year-round. It is suspected that the berries and/or foliage are poisonous to livestock, pets, and humans."

4.08

Understory small shrub, unlikely to be able to cause fire hazard

4.09

(1)"Light Shade" (2)"Does not like direct sun." (3)"A. crenata … are small evergreen shrubs growing [in the] shade near the seacoast of the southern part of Korea"

Lee, A.K., J.K. S. and M.S. Roh. 2000. Propagation of Ardisia Species Native to Korea by Seeds or by Rooting of Stem Tip Cuttings. Acta Horticulturae 541:135-145

4.10

(1)"The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils."

(1)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

4.11

Small shrub(1)

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

4.12

(1)"Ardisia crenata thrives in the understory of mesic forests, often found in dense patches containing between 100 and 300 stems per m2"

(1)Invasive Species Specialist Group. Webpage: The Global Invasive Species Database. Accessed 2008. http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/

5.01

Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

5.02

Not a grass

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

5.03

Not N-fixing

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

5.04

Not a geophyte

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

6.01

Species is common in its native range(1)

(1)Cortlett, R.T. 1993. Reproductive Phenology of Hong Kong Shrubland. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9(4): 501-510

6.02

(1)Seeds have the ability to germinate within a range of 4 to 10 of soil pH, with germination rates of 84 to 98 percent within 40 days

(1)Lee, A.K., J.K. S. and M.S. Roh. 2000. Propagation of Ardisia Species Native to Korea by Seeds or by Rooting of Stem Tip Cuttings. Acta Horticulturae 541:135-145

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Yes. (1)"Coral ardisia, A. crenata, native to Japan to north India, is an insect-pollinated and self-compatible evergreen subshrub"

6.05

(1)"understory families such as the Myrsinaceae are characterized by self-compatible species that are patchily but gregariously distributed, flower abundantly, and present pollen-only reward flowers. In these, pollen flow may be limited due to high levels of geitonogamous pollination, mostly by small generalist bees, which tend to forage over short distances"

(1)Pascarella, J.B. 1997. The Mating System of the Tropical Understory Shrub Ardisia escallonioides (Myrsinaceae). American Journal of Botany 84(4): 456-460

6.06

(1)"Resprouts vigorously after cutting; propagated by cuttings for compact growth"

(1)Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 166 pages

6.07

>4 years

Criley, R.A. Professor of Horticulture University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences. 2002 personal communication to Huang-Chi Kuo

7.01

Plants uncommon in heavily trafficked areas.

7.02

(1)"Ardisia crenata is cultivated and planted in many countries as an ornamental shrub"

(1)Invasive Species Specialist Group. Webpage: The Global Invasive Species Database. Accessed 2008. http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/

7.03

Species is not associated with agriculture

7.04

(1)"Drupes dark red, globose, 5-8 mm diameter."

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

7.05

Fruit morphology not indicative of water dispersal

7.06

Ardisia creneata has (`)"juicy berries dispersed by fruit-eating birds"(2)"Seeds dispersed by birds, including mockingbirds and cedar waxwings"

(1)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages (2)Invasive Species Specialist Group. Webpage: The Global Invasive Species

7.07

Fruits have no means of external attachment. See description: (1)"Fruit a bright red, globose, 1-seeded drupe, to 8 mm in diameter."

(1)Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 166 pages

7.08

Answer scored as "Yes" because scoring rules require a yes if 7.06 = yes.

8.01

Unlikely given that there is only 1 seed per fruit

8.02

(1)Seed Collecting: Seed does not store well; sow as soon as possible

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

8.03

(1)"Control of coral ardisia can be accomplished by two methods. Low-volume foliar applications of 5% v/v of Garlon 4 or Remedy provides suppression of this plant, but complete foliar coverage is essential. Basal bark applications with an 18% v/v solution of Garlon 4 or Remedy in an oil carrier can also be utilized for suppressing this invasive weed."

(1)B.A. Sellers, K.A. Langeland, J.A. Ferrell, M. Meisenberg, and J. Walter. 2007. Identification and Control of Coral Ardisia (Ardisia crenata): A Potentially Poisonous Plant. FL Cooperative Extension Service Technical Document: SS AGR 276

8.04

(1)"Resprouts vigorously after cutting; propagated by cuttings for compact growth"

(1)Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 166 pages

8.05

Unknown