Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Alpinia purpurata


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 4


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Alpinia purpurata (red ginger, awapuhi 'ula 'ula)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics and naturalized in Hawaii too. (2)In Fiji, naturalized in abandoned garden areas, along trails and streams in forests, and on the edges of mangrove swamps, at elevations up to 500 m

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/alpur.htm

1.03

No evidence

2.01

'Native to New Caledonia, New Hebrides, British Solomon Islands Protectorarte, Bismark Archipelago and Bougainville, widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics, in Hawaii … naturalized…'

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

2.02

'Native to New Caledonia, New Hebrides, British Solomon Islands Protectorarte, Bismark Archipelago and Bougainville, widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics, in Hawaii … naturalized…'

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA zone 10 - 11. (2)elevations up to 500 m

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/redginger.html (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/alpur.htm

2.04

(1)Widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics and naturalized in Hawaii too. (2)In Fiji, naturalized in abandoned garden areas, along trails and streams in forests, and on the edges of mangrove swamps, at elevations up to 500 m

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/alpur.htm

2.05

Widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

3.01

Widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics and naturalized in Hawaii too.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1)Pythium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. were found to be associated with A. purpurata. Did not find evidence for this species to be recognized pests. (2)The discovery is reported of the Central American banana pest Pseudococcus elisae on several islands of Hawaii, including Oahu where it was collected on red ginger (Alpinia purpurata ) and appears to be established; this confirms a previous report of the pseudococcid on Honolulu in 1981 and an interception of it in California on red ginger from Oahu in 1984. (2)use of an insecticidal dip after harvest provided quarantine security that eliminated all insect pests of Alpinia purpurata, including Pentalonia nigronervosa, Aphis gossypii, Pseudococcus affinis, P. longispinus, Sciothrips cardamomi, Chelisoches morio and Technomyrmex albipes.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2) Beardsley, J. W., Jr. 1986. Taxonomic notes on Pseudococcus elisae Borkhsenius, a mealybug new to the Hawaiian fauna (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society26 : 31-34 (3)Hata, T. Y.; Hara, A. H.; Jang, E. B.; Imaino, L. S.; Hu, B. K. S.; Tenbrink, V. L. 1992. Pest management before harvest and insecticidal dip after harvest as a systems approach to quarantine security for red ginger.

Journal of Economic Entomology 85: 2310-2316

4.07

[it is edible and toxic?, susceptibilitiy to contact dermatitous is rare] ](1)Alpinia species in general is listed as poisonous. Skin and eye irritations upon contact with cell sap. Cardiac effects upon ingestion. Mode: Ingestion, dermatitis. Poisonous Part : Leaves, stems, roots. (2)It grows throughout SE Asia and is used as a spice plant, to treat stomach pain and indigestion.

(1)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Alpinsp.htm (2) Davis, T. A. 1994. Fire ginger. Planters' Chronicle,.September, p.365-367.

4.08

a plant of wet habitats with lush foliage

4.09

(1)Requires part shade. (2)partial sun / light shade

(1)http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=24462 (2)http://www.tropilab.com/redginger.html

4.1

(1)Sandy Loam to Clay Loam, pH range 6 to 7.5 (2)well enriched soil in order to bloom

(1)http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=24462 (2)http://www.barbadine.com/pages/Alpinia_purpurata_lien.htm

4.11

Not a vine.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

Large herb/forb arising from rhizomes.

http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=24462

6.01

Propagation: rhizomes and seeds.

http://www.tropilab.com/redginger.html

6.02

Propagation: rhizomes and seeds.

http://www.tropilab.com/redginger.html

6.03

No evidence of natural hybridization - 'Artificial intergeneric crosses between Alpinia purpurata and Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae) have produced hybrids. '

Luc-Cayol, F; Fereol, L . 1997. Alpingera martinica (Zingiberaceae): an intergeneric hybrid between Alpinia purpurata and Etlingera elatior. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 45 (1) p. 914-915

6.04

No information

6.05

based on extremely narrow floral tube

6.06

Propagation: rhizomes and seeds.

http://www.tropilab.com/redginger.html

6.07

18+ months (from in-vitro)

González, M. T.; Mogollón, N. J. 2001. Quality of cut flowers of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. 'Jungle King' considering plant age and nitrogen fertilizer dosage. FT: Calidad de la flor cortada de Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. 'Jungle King' considerando la edad de la planta y dosis de fertilizante nitrogenado. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 44: 116-120

7.01

Probably not - the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes as it is valued as an ornamental plant. 'Showy plants - houesplants.'

http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=24462

7.03

Probably not - as the seeds are relatively large - 2-3 mm long.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.04

no adaptations to wind

7.05

can be found along streamside; don't know if seeds float.

7.06

No evidence (fruit a globose capsule)

7.07

seeds have no means of attachment

7.08

No evidence (fruit a globose capsule)

8.01

Capsules nearly globose, 2-3 mm in diameter. Seeds ca. 3 mm long. [fruits rarely formed in cultivation]

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

8.02

No information on seed bank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

cut back to ground every other year to prevent legginess

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants//Zingiberaceae/Alpinia_purpurata.html

8.05

Marasmius fungus: In hawaii he fungus attacks the rhizome and causes a brown rot. This pathogenic fungus feeds on the infected rhizome and grows between the sheaths forming the leaf and flower stalks. When flowers are harvested, the fungus is already present between the leaf sheaths. A white to brownish mat of fungal growth is visible when sheaths are removed. It is uncertain whether severely diseased ginger fields can be economically salvaged.

http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/Crop/Type/marasm.htm


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