Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2.5

Notes

1.01

No, despite being in cultivation for a long time (1)"AGAPANTHUS have been cultivated in Europe since the late 1670s, and are one of the oldest South African plants still grown in western-style gardens today."(2)"The plant grows in the wild, mainly in the mountainous regions of the Western Cape, from sea level up 10 1000m"

(1)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214 (2)van Dijk, H. 2004. Agapanthus for Gardeners. Timber Press, Portland, OR 96 pages.

1.02

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

1.03

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

2.01

(1)"Distribution Agapanthus africanus subsp. Africanus is found only in the Western Cape Province, which is a winter rainfall area. The plants grow from the Cape Peninsula to Swellendam, from sea level up to 1000 metres, mainly in mountainous terrain in acidic sandy soil. They often grow between rocks and even in depressions on sheets of sandstone rock. The plants will not tolerate freezing weather for any length of time." (2)"The plant grows in the wild, mainly in the mountainous regions of the Western Cape, from sea level up to 1000m"

(1)South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Webpage: PlantZAfrica. Acessed 2008. http://www.plantzafrica.com/ (2)van Dijk, H. 2004. Agapanthus for Gardeners. Timber Press, Portland, OR 96 pages.

2.02

Areas outside of native range where African lily is in cultivation are not well knowndue to hybridization and taxonomic uncertainty (see 6.01 for more information)

2.03

Yes because it occupies wide altitudinal range (1)"USDA Zones 8-11. African lily is moderately frost tolerant, but when grown in exposed locations in zone 8, the roots should be mulched in winter. The Headbourne Hybrids are hardy to zone 6, tolerating temperatures considerably below freezing. However, even these should be mulched in winter to protect the roots." (2)"Although this evergreen agapanthus may be planted in the ground in the warm winter climates of USDA Zones 8-10, it is best grown in tubs or containers in the St. Louis area (Zones 5b-6a) where it is not winter hardy. This is a tender perennial that grows from a fleshy-rooted rhizome" (3)"The altitude range for the genus extends from sea level (A. africanus subsp. Africanus from the Southwestern Cape and A. praecox subsp. Minimus from the southern Cape), to 3000m at Thaba Putsoa on the high Lesotho Plateau, for A. campanulatus subsp. Patens."

(1)Website: Floridata plant search. Tallahassee, Florida USA. Accessed 2008. http://www.floridata.com/lists/search.cfm (2)Missouri Botanical Garden Webpage: Tropicos Database Home. Accessed 2008. http://test.tropicos.org/Home.aspx (3)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

2.04

"Range: S. Africa. Habitat: Upper slopes of Table mountain and the southern mountains"

Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

2.05

"From coast to coast and across Europe and southern Africa, Agapanthus africanus is widely cultivated for its stunning flowers that have captivated horticulturalists for centuries."

HighBeam Research Inc. Webpage: HighBeam Encyclopedia. Accessed 2008. http://www.encyclopedia.com/

3.01

No evidence

3.02

Possibly a sleeper weed. No hard evidence on where it is weedy and what effects it has. (1)"Other details: May be a noxious weed or invasive" (2)Listed as "naturalised, weed" source material are websites that no longer exist

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.03

Possibly a sleeper weed. No hard evidence on where it is weedy and what effects it has. (1)"Other details: May be a noxious weed or invasive" (2)Listed as "naturalised, weed" source material are websites that no longer exist

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.04

Possibly a sleeper weed. No hard evidence on where it is weedy and what effects it has. (1)"Other details: May be a noxious weed or invasive" (2)Listed as "naturalised, weed" source material are websites that no longer exist

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Shannon Books, Melbourne

3.05

Agapanthus praecox "Invades gardens, bushland and roadside areas." of Victoria Australia

Environmental Weed Fact Sheet No. 10 Agapanthus. 2008. Environmental Weeds within the Shire of Yarra Ranges

4.01

No see description "Dark green evergreen plant with bold strappy leaves, grown from bulb. Grows large ball like clusters of blue flowers 2-3 foot tall leafless stems with 12-30 flowers per stem."

Time, C. Webpage: Pages of shade botanical album. Accessed 2008. http://members.lycos.nl/Shades/plants/titlepage.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

Not parasitic

USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

Possibly, "Plants seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits"

Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

4.05

Possibly, poisonous to tortoises

American Tortoise Rescue. Webpage: Poisonous plants. Accessed 2008. http://www.tortoise.com/facts_and_information/poison_plants.html

4.06

"No serious insect or disease problems"

Missouri Botanical Garden Webpage: Tropicos Database Home. Accessed 2008. http://test.tropicos.org/Home.aspx

4.07

(1)"Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction" (2)"Causes skin rashes and may cause damage to eyes, mouth and throat on contact." (3)"Chewed leaves cause severe pain the mouth. When leaves are crushed and on the skin, the skin becomes irritated … Eyes are irritated by the cell sap."

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Webpage: Poisonous/toxic plants. Toronto Botanical Garden. Accessed 2008. http://www.torontobotanicalgarden.ca/mastergardener/PoisonousToxicPlants.shtml (3)Snoeijer, W. 2004. Agapanthus: A Revision of the Genus. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 320 pages.

4.08

Unknown

4.09

Possibly (1)"Sun: Full sun to part shade … Site containers in locations with afternoon shade" (2)"It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade."

(1)Missouri Botanical Garden Webpage: Tropicos Database Home. Accessed 2008. http://test.tropicos.org/Home.aspx (2)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

4.10

(1)"African lily is a strong evergreen perennial that tolerates neglect, poor soils, and salty coastal conditions." (2)"The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils … Succeed in most soils"

(1)Website: Floridata plant search. Tallahassee, Florida USA. Accessed 2008. http://www.floridata.com/lists/search.cfm (2)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

4.11

No, a lily

4.12

No, growth form does not impede movement

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Not Poaceae

5.03

Not Nitrogen-fixing

5.04

"Evergreen rhizomatous geophyte 600–750mm high. Rhizome short and erect, resting just below soil surface, with single or multiple shoots and a thick mat of fleshy roots."

Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

6.01

"Native to South Africa where they grow with abandon from the cooler Western Cape to the more arid Eastern Cape"

HighBeam Research Inc. Webpage: HighBeam Encyclopedia. Accessed 2008. http://www.encyclopedia.com/

6.02

(1)"Seed - best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe, it can also be sown in a greenhouse in March/April. The seed usually germinates in 1 - 3 months at 18°c" (2)"During the early 1990s, the present author was fortunate to be introduced to a large population of subsp. Walshii containing several thousand individuals by Peter and Barbara Knox-Shaw, long time residents of Elgin, a deciduous fruit-farming area located close to the original site where this taxon was first collected. In 1993 seeds gathered from this population were sown at Kirstenbosch where they are now being successfully cultivated, as well as at the Knox-Shaw rose garden at Freshwoods, and the indigenous garden of Elgin resident, Jesse Walton."

(1)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php (2)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

6.03

(1)"Hybridizes very freely with other members of this genus, some botanists say there is only one very variable species of Agapanthus" (2)"The genus Agapanthus includes 10 species and several subspecies, all native to southern Africa. The species are, at best, weakly distinguishable, with a multitude of intermediate forms. Furthermore, cross-pollination is common among cultivated plants and virtually all garden Agapanthus are probably hybrids. The seeming lack of barriers to crossing led one researcher to speculate that Agapanthus might consist of only a single genetically unstable and very diverse species. Agapanthus is sometimes classified in the segregate family Alliaceae … Several names have been used for Agapanthus grown in Hawaii, but all plants examined for this book proved to be A. praecox subsp. orientalis. In the past, our cultivated Agapanthus were identified as A. umbellatus and A. africanus, distinct species that are not present in Hawaii, at least in home gardens; it is possible that our botanical gardens grow these or other species."

(1)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php (2)Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 908 pages

6.04

Possible "The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs)."

Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

6.05

(1)"Ecology of A.africanus Pollination is by wind, bees and sunbirds. Baboons and buck sometimes eat the flower heads just as the first flowers begin to open. The seed which is often parasitized is dispersed by the wind. These plants are adapted to survive fire in the fynbos. They resprout from thick, fleshy roots." (2)"The open-faced flowers of subsp. Africanus are pollinated mainly by carpenter bees whereas the narrowly trumpet-shaped flowers of subsp. Walshii are pollinated by orange-breasted sunbirds."

(1)South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Webpage: PlantZAfrica. Acessed 2008. http://www.plantzafrica.com/ (2)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

6.06

(1)"Division is very easy in the growing season, the divisions can be planted straight out into their permanent positions if required. " (2)"Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets)"

(1)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

6.07

(1)"[from seed] takes 3 to 5 years for them to bloom depending upon conditions." (2)"Plants grown from seed will take 2-3 years to flower and may not resemble the parent." (3)"Seeds of both subspecies germinate successfully within three weeks when sown directly after harvesting, in the same sandy growing medium recommended for adult plants, and generally flower for the first time in their third year, under ideal conditions."

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Website: Floridata plant search. Tallahassee, Florida USA. Accessed 2008. http://www.floridata.com/lists/search.cfm (3)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

7.01

Plants are not necessarily grown in proximity t oheavily trafficked areas. In the wild grows "In colonies on sharply drained acid sandstone rocky slopes, flowering profusely after fire."

Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

7.02

Agapanthus africanus (Blue Lily) is a drought tolerant plant which is commonly used as a landscaping plant in the U.S.

Time, C. Webpage: Pages of shade botanical album. Accessed 2008. http://members.lycos.nl/Shades/plants/titlepage.htm

7.03

Not cultivated alongside produce

7.04

(1)"seed which is often parasitized is dispersed by the wind." (2)"Fruit an ellipsoid, three-angled, cernuous or pendent capsule, bright green and glossy, 25–45-10–12mm, narrowed proximally with a distinct neck 5–8mm long. Seeds winged, black and flattened, 7-4mm."

(1)South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Webpage: PlantZAfrica. Acessed 2008. http://www.plantzafrica.com/ (2)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

7.05

This species tends to grow in rocky, dry habitats and is fire tolerant

Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

7.06

Unlikely to be eaten by birds, based on fruit and seed morphology "Fruit an ellipsoid, three-angled, cernuous or pendent capsule, bright green and glossy, 25–45-10–12mm, narrowed proximally with a distinct neck 5–8mm long. Seeds winged, black and flattened, 7-4mm."

Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

7.07

No means of external attachment present

7.08

Unlikely to be eaten by birds, based on fruit and seed morphology "Fruit an ellipsoid, three-angled, cernuous or pendent capsule, bright green and glossy, 25–45-10–12mm, narrowed proximally with a distinct neck 5–8mm long. Seeds winged, black and flattened, 7-4mm."

Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

8.01

No, based on the number of flowers and number of seeds per fruit "Inflorescence an umbel of 8–22 nodding or pendent pale to deep blue or rarely pure white, unscented, narrowly trumpet-shaped flowers … Fruit an ellipsoid, three-angled, cernuous or pendent capsule, bright green and glossy, 25–45-10–12mm, narrowed proximally with a distinct neck 5–8mm long. Seeds winged, black and flattened, 7-4mm."

Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)"These plants are adapted to survive fire in the fynbos … The flower stalk is 600 mm tall. It also flowers best after a fire." (2)"Both subsp. Walshii and subsp. Africanus are restricted to the Mediterranean-type climate of the southwestern Cape, occurring mainly on east, west and south facing slopes, on sharply drained acid sandstone. Although both are strongly stimulated to profuse flowering following summer bush fires, they are not wholly dependent on fire for flowering to occur."

(1)South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Webpage: PlantZAfrica. Acessed 2008. http://www.plantzafrica.com/ (2)Duncan, G. 2004. Agapanthus Africanus SUBSP. Walshii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21(3): 205-214

8.05

Unknown