Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree, peacock tree, coral tree)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

'A. pavonina is endemic to Southeast China and India with first reports being recorded in India. It has been introduced throughout the humid tropics and has become naturalized in Malaysia, Western and Eastern Africa and most island nations of both the Pacific and the Caribbean. It is cultivated in tropical Asia from the Malay peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands; Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands, through to the Mollucas and New Guinea.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

'A. pavonina is endemic to Southeast China and India with first reports being recorded in India. It has been introduced throughout the humid tropics and has become naturalized in Malaysia, Western and Eastern Africa and most island nations of both the Pacific and the Caribbean. It is cultivated in tropical Asia from the Malay peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands; Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands, through to the Mollucas and New Guinea.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

1) lowland rainfores, It grows in the lowlands and up to 600 mt 2)Latitude limits 20°N to 15°S. Grows in deciduous forests, savannas and rainforests. Altitude range: 300 - 1200 m 3)This species is common throughout the lowland tropics up to 300-400 m

1)http://www.ecoport.org/default.htm 2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 3)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html

2.04

'A. pavonina is endemic to Southeast China and India with first reports being recorded in India. It has been introduced throughout the humid tropics and has become naturalized in Malaysia, Western and Eastern Africa and most island nations of both the Pacific and the Caribbean. It is cultivated in tropical Asia from the Malay peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands; Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands, through to the Mollucas and New Guinea.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

Has been introduced to several countries.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

'A. pavonina is endemic to Southeast China and India with first reports being recorded in India. It has been introduced throughout the humid tropics and has become naturalized in Malaysia, Western and Eastern Africa and most island nations of both the Pacific and the Caribbean. It is cultivated in tropical Asia from the Malay peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands; Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands, through to the Mollucas and New Guinea.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

(1 ')Red sandalwood invades intact, undisturbed hardwood forests as well as disturbed sites and can quickly form large colonies. … Extensive colonies have been found in hardwood forests in Coconut Grove and Coral Gables.'
(2)Major environmental weed on Christmas Island. 3)Category II - Invasive exotics that have increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species 4)The Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association (FNGA), in cooperation with the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC), is urging Florida's nursery and landscape industry professionals to phase out production of this plant

(1(http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/derm/environment/badplants/plant%20descriptions/red_sandalwood.htm (2)Swarbrick, J. T.; Hart, R. 2001. Environmental weeds of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) and their management. Plant Protection Quarterly. Vol.16, No.2, pp.54-57. 3)http://www.fleppc.org/01list.htm 4)http://www.fnps.org/dade/pastnewslets/newslet111.html

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

The forage value of the leaves was generally high

Amara, D. S.; Mansaray, S. D. Fast-growing trees for agroforestry in Sierra Leone. 1989 Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the  International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February 20-25, 1989 pp.58-65.

4.05

No evidence of natural animal deaths or poisoning. However: (1)Although the raw seeds are toxic, cooked they are edible and in Java, Indonesia eaten with rice.
(2)The raw seeds are toxic and may cause intoxication. Studies show the cooked seed to be rich in oil and proteins and easily digested by both humans and livestock.
(3)seeds and leaves eaten. Seeds may require boiling to neutralize toxicity. This suggests that the raw seeds might be toxic to cattle too if ingested.

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/adenan-pav.html (2)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/saga_tree.htm (3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods/ff_families/FABACEAE.html#Adenanthera pavonina

4.06

This site lists 8 species of fungi to be associated with A. pavonina. Cladosporium oxysporum: Cuba - 8361, 8557
Clitocybe tabescens: Madagascar
Coniothyrium fuckelii: Cuba
Ganoderma lucidum: Sierra Leone
Hypoxylon truncatum: Sierra Leone
Sporidesmium verrucisporium: Sierra Leone
Thyronectria pseudotrichia: Sierra Leone
Valsaria sp.: Malaysia
Web search revealed neither of them to be recognized pests.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm.

4.07

No reported human poisoning -- (1)Although the raw seeds are toxic, cooked they are edible and in Java, Indonesia eaten with rice.
(2)The raw seeds are toxic and may cause intoxication. Studies show the cooked seed to be rich in oil and proteins and easily digested by both humans and livestock.
(3)seeds and leaves eaten. Seeds may require boiling to neutralize toxicity

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/adenan-pav.html (2)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/saga_tree.htm (3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods/ff_families/FABACEAE.html#Adenanthera pavonina

4.08

No information regarding fire ecology.

4.09

Tolerates shade.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.1

1)It will grow on a variety of soils in moist and seasonally moist tropical climates. 2)Found on a variety of soils from deep,well-drained to shallow and rocky, this tree prefers neutral to slightly acidic soils

1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/adpav.htm 2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html

4.11

No evidence. Not a vine.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

5.02

5.03

A large deciduous tree in the Fabaceae family. '… improves soil nitrogen content through its rhizobial associations.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Seeds subjected to scarification showed 100% germination.

Bhavan, A. 1991. Germination studies in Adenanthera pavonina. Myforest. Vol 27 (4): 365-366

6.03

No information regarding hybridization.

6.04

No information.

6.05

Tiny, yellowish, fragrant in dense drooping rat-tail like flower heads. No direct evidence but the morphology of the flowers does not suggest a specialist pollinator for A. pavonina.

http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/saga_tree.htm

6.06

Propagation by seed.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/adpav.htm

6.07

1) R. Criley, UH Dept of Horticulture, personal communication (4 years). 2) 'The trees are very fast growing …' 3)Following the first year of establishment, average annual growth rates of 2.3-2.6 cm in diameter and 2.0-2.3 m height have been recorded in American Samoa (Adkins 1994)

2)Basu, D and Chakraverty, R.K. 1986. Acta Botanica Indica. Vol 14: 68-72. 3)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html

7.01

The propagules do not have any means of attachment.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.02

(1) 'Throughout the tropics and sub-tropics it is extensively cultivated as an ornamental tree along roadsides and in communal areas. ... The bright red seeds are used for making necklaces and decorative ornaments. It is also utilized for making rosaries.'
(2)Children love the hard red seeds and few can resist collecting the brightly colored seeds usually littered under the tree.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/saga_tree.htm

7.03

(1)Pods linear, 15 to 20 cm long with 10 to 12 bright red seeds. (2)Seeds about 8 mm wide. Trees produce large quantities of seed. (3)Pod length ~20 cm and pod breadth 1.5 cm. Number of seeds per pod 10-14. Dark red and linear.

(1)Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the World. Volume 1. Regional Plant Resource Centre. Orissa. India. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/adpav.htm (3)Madras Agricultural Journal. 1996. Vol 83 (6): 394-396

7.04

7.05

7.06

(1)Many birds including hornbills enjoy feasting on the hard, red Saga seed. (2)Birds distribute the seeds into natural areas from nearby cultivated specimens.

(1)http://www.caltexamericanschool.org/Student_Work/ClassRumMin
/StudentWork1/6thGrade/TreesOfSumatra/Leguminosae/AdenantheraPavoninaSaga/Saga.html (2)http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/derm/environment/badplants/plant%20descriptions/red_sandalwood.htm

7.07

The seeds do not have any means of attachment.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.08

Many birds including hornbills enjoy feasting on the hard, red Saga seed. No direct evidence reporting passage of seeds through the gut of birds. But the references strongly suggest this.

http://www.caltexamericanschool.org/Student_Work/ClassRumMin
/StudentWork1/6thGrade/TreesOfSumatra/Leguminosae/AdenantheraPavoninaSaga/Saga.html

8.01

(1)Pods linear, 15 to 20 cm long with 10 to 12 bright red seeds. (2)Seeds about 8 mm wide. Trees produce large quantities of seed. (3)Pod length ~20 cm and pod breadth 1.5 cm. Number of seeds per pod 10-14. Dark red and linear.

(1)Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the World. Volume 1. Regional Plant Resource Centre. Orissa. India. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/adpav.htm (3)Madras Agricultural Journal. 1996. Vol 83 (6): 394-396

8.02

(1) 'The fruits ripen in cold months but the seeds may remain on the twisted valves till the next spring.' (2)Seeds are hard coated. (3)The seed coat is extremely hard and requires scarification if even germination is to occur. Untreated seeds can be stored up to 18 months without losing viability. (4)The 'The percentage of germination remained unchanged up to 18 months of storage after which it was gradually decreased with the passage of time leading to complete non- viability after 36 months.'

(1) Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the World. Volume 1. Regional Plant Resource Centre. Orissa. India. (2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html (3)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html. (4) Basu, D and Chakraverty, R.K. 1986. Acta Botanica Indica. Vol 14: 68-72.

8.03

Afalon and Afalon-S [linuron] each at 1 or 2 kg seriously damaged Adenanthera pavonina

Chuo, S. K.; Wong, S. H.; Leong, P. C. 1982 Field evaluation of three pre-emergent herbicides for weed control in potted seedlings of ten species of ornamental trees in Singapore. Singapore Journal of Primary Industries, , Vol.10, No.1, pp.19-25.

8.04

(1)Ability to self-pruning; suited for coppicing. (2) 'The tree is susceptible to breakage in high winds, with the majority of damage occurring in the crown. Rapid resprouting and growth following storm damage has been recorded in the Samoan Islands.'

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html

8.05

Don’t know.