Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. Ex G. Don Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - (candelabra wattle) . Synonym(s) - .Racosperma holosericeum Pedley, Acacia pellita Schwarz

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence of domestication

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia. (2) widely distributed through tropical parts of Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?866 (2) Simmons, Marion. 1987. Acacias of Australia Volume 1. Melbourne Victoria. Nelson Publishers. 327 p.

2.02

2.03

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 [cited 2008 Sep 22]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

(1) Native to Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia. (2) widely distributed through tropical parts of Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?866 (2) Simmons, Marion. 1987. Acacias of Australia Volume 1. Melbourne Victoria. Nelson Publishers. 327 p.

2.05

(1) Seed retailer has A. holosericea seeds for sale. (2) Introduced to Burkina Faso, India, Keny, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan (3) A. holosericiea is reported as being introduced to 69 countries throughout the world.

(1) http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/carth.asp?species=Acacia%20holosericea&sref=20821 (2) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 (3) Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

3.01

(1) A. holosericiea is reported as being introduced to 69 countries throughout the world, and has not been reported as naturalized or invasive in any of the countries.

(1) Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

3.02

(1) A. holosericiea is reported as being introduced to 69 countries throughout the world, and has not been reported as naturalized or invasive in any of the countries.

(1) Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

3.03

(1) A. holosericea is use as a soil nitrogen enrichment species in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations in the Guandgdong province, China. (2) A. holosericiea is reported as being introduced to 69 countries throughout the world, and has not been reported as naturalized or invasive in any of the countries

(1) Xu, D.P.2000. Site management and productivity in tropical plantation forests: a progress report. Workshop Proceedings, Kerala, India, 7-11 December 1999 Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research. P.31-40 (2) Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

3.04

(1) A. holosericiea is reported as being introduced to 69 countries throughout the world, and has not been reported as naturalized or invasive in any of the countries.

(1) Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

3.05

(1) Acacia dealbata and Acacia mearnsii have both become naturalized in Reunion and Madagascar.

(1) Kull, C.A., J. Tassin, G. Rambeloarisoa, J. M. Sarrailh. 2007. Invasive Australian acacias on western Indian Ocean islands: a historical and ecological perspective. African Journal of Ecology .

4.01

(1) thornless species

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22].

4.02

(1) Study used 4 soil media, topsoil, rhizosphere soil, soil mulched with dry leaves and ordinary field soil as a control to determine the allelopathic effect of Acacia holosericea on agricultural crops. The results indicate that A. holosericea has allelopathic effects on cowpea, sesame, horse gram and sorghum. (2) Topsoil from A. holosericea was demonstrated in a pot experiment to suppress growth and germination in Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata, cowpeas, pigeon peas and soyabeans

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20053160115 [Cited 2008 Sep 22] (2) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=6&sid=bf31d171-8c43-48be-a276-03a92528682a%40SRCSM2&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=19900739086 [cited 2008 Sep 24].

4.03

No evidence of species being parasitic.

4.04

(1) Large quantities of phyllode biomass, produced during the dry season when other acacias shed their leaves, is a valuable fodder source. However, fodder should be dried before it is fed to livestock, as fresh phyllodes are not palatable for cattle and sheep, and there are reports from Niger of goats dying after consuming them. (2) Fresh phyllodes are not palatable for cattle and sheep, but when the branches are lopped the dry foliage is eaten readily.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 (2)http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html

4.05

When the leaves are fresh they can be toxic. However the dried leaves are used as fodder. (1) Large quantities of phyllode biomass, produced during the dry season when other acacias shed their leaves, is a valuable fodder source. However, fodder should be dried before it is fed to livestock, as fresh phyllodes are not palatable for cattle and sheep, and there are reports from Niger of goats dying after consuming them. (2) Fresh phyllodes are not palatable for cattle and sheep, but when the branches are lopped the dry foliage is eaten readily.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 (2)http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html

4.06

(1) A. holosericea appears to be relatively free of pests and diseases in cultivation. (2) Insect pests recorded include Myllocerus spp and Sextius spp. Fungi causing diseases include Aecidium, Fusarium oxysporum, Meloidogyne and Uromyces digitatus.

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22]. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55

4.07

no evidence of toxicity to humans in the literature

4.08

Evidence does not indicate that A.holosericea creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems. (1) Study found that A holosericea had a significantly greater cover on untreated plots than fire-treated plots in N. Australia. (2) Experiment to control rubber vine in riparian area of N. Australia demonstrated that the fire encouraged Acacia spp. especially A. holosericea to sprout in its natural environment.

(1) Bowman, D.M.J.S., B.A. Wilson, R. J. Hooper. 1988. Response of Eucalyptus forest and woodland to four fire regimes and MunMarlary, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Ecology 76:215-232. (2) http://savanna.cdu.edu.au/research/fire_rubber_vine2.html

4.09

Don't know

4.10

(1) Tolerates a wide range of soil types from shallow, acidic sandy lithosols, shallow loams, red volcanic and solodized solonets soils.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55

4.11

(1) shrub or small tree

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22].

4.12

(1) The large, dense crown of this shrubby acacia enables it to form a screen. In Africa it is used to form the lower part of a multistorey windbreak with the taller Eucalyptus camaldulensis

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html

5.01

(1) shrub or small tree

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22].

5.02

(1) shrub or small tree

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22].

5.03

(1) nitrogen-fixing tree

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22].

5.04

(1) shrub or small tree

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22].

6.01

No evidence in the literature.

6.02

(1) Mature seeds can be formed in two years from planting. (2) Natural vegetation from self-seeding occurs freely in the native habitat of A. holosericea.

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22]. (2) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 [cited 2008 Sep 22]

6.03

Don't know

6.04

Don't know

6.05

(1) A. holosericea is pollinated by the activity of insects and birds.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 [cited 2008 Sep 22]

6.06

(1) Like most acacias, A. holosericea relies on sexual reproduction.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55. [cited 2008 Sep 22].

6.07

(1) Tree is quick growing. (2) Seedling growth is rapid. On favorable sites in Central Australia it has reached 4 m tall in 18 months. Tree is short lived 4-8 years. (3) Mature seeds can be formed in two years from planting. (4)A. holosericea has many features of a colonizing species, such as early (6-12 months) and heavy seeding habit, rapid growth and short life span (10-12 years), which suggests that it has the potential to become a weed in some situations.

(1) http://www.sgapqld.org.au/bushtucker1.html (2) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html (3)http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 22]. (4)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.01

Not growing in highly trafficked places. Seeds are small but don't have adaptation to attach. (1) Narrow, hairless pods, 3-6 can long, are coiled in dense clusters and contain shiny black seeds,

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html [cited 2008 Sep 24]

7.02

(1) A. holosericiea is reported as being introduced to 69 countries throughout the world.

(1) Haysom, K.A. and Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome (unpublished).

7.03

No evidence as potential to disperse as produce contaminant.

7.04

(1) Seed dispersal is prompted by propulsion from drying dehiscent pods. Browsing vertebrates sometimes also play a role in seed dispersal.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55. [cited 2008 Sep 22].

7.05

(1) Seed dispersal is prompted by propulsion from drying dehiscent pods. Browsing vertebrates sometimes also play a role in seed dispersal.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55. [cited 2008 Sep 22].

7.06

(1) Seed dispersal is prompted by propulsion from drying dehiscent pods. Browsing vertebrates sometimes also play a role in seed dispersal.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55. [cited 2008 Sep 22].

7.07

(1) Seed dispersal is prompted by propulsion from drying dehiscent pods. Browsing vertebrates sometimes also play a role in seed dispersal.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55. [cited 2008 Sep 22].

7.08

No evidence. (1) Seed dispersal is prompted by propulsion from drying dehiscent pods. Browsing vertebrates sometimes also play a role in seed dispersal.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55. [cited 2008 Sep 22].

8.01

Don't know Literature sites abundant seed but the exact amount is unknown. (1) The early and abundant seeding habit has the potential to make A. holosericea a weed species under certain conditions

(1) http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/A_holosericea.html

8.02

(1)ESTABLISHMENT: For good germination, seed (95,500 to 175,000/kg) should be scarified by mechanical abrasion or immersed for one minute in boiling (100 øC) water. (2)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox Storage Conditions: 11% viability lost after 14 years storage at room temperature (Doran et al., 1983)

(1)http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/LSTOCK/001/LSFeed/WI02FE/B1180_10.HTM (2)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

Don't know

8.04

(1) A. holosericea was coppiced in this study. There was no coppice regrowth two months after plants were cut at ground level. (2) A. holosericea does not coppice well. (3) Study found that A holosericea had a significantly greater cover on untreated plots than fire-treated plots in N. Australia. (4) Experiment to control rubber vine in riparian area of N. Australia demonstrated that the fire encouraged Acacia spp. especially A. holosericea to sprout in its natural environment. Study did not quantify the amount of sprouting.

(1) Karachi, M., D. Shirima, N. Lema. 1997. Evaluation of 15 leguminous trees and shrubs for forage and wood production in Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems 37:253-23. (2) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=55 (3) Bowman, D.M.J.S., B.A. Wilson, R. J. Hooper. 1988. Response of Eucalyptus forest and woodland to four fire regimes and MunMarlary, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Ecology 76:215-232. (4) http://savanna.cdu.edu.au/research/fire_rubber_vine2.htm

8.05

Unknown