(L.) Spreng., Araceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results:
Reject, score: 13 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia))
High risk, score: 15 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))
Other Latin names: Calla aethiopica L.
Common name(s): [more details]
English: arum lily, calla lily, common calla |
Spanish: cala, cartucho |
Habit: herb
Description: "Clump-forming, evergreen perennial (to 1.5 m) growing from tubers, with large glossy, leathery, dark-green, arrow-shaped leaves (to 45 cm x 25 cm) with pale fine veins and wavy margins, held upright on long stalks (to 1 m). From September to December a yellow, finger-like spike, surrounded by a large, greenish-white, funnel-shaped, modified leaf (to 25 cm), forms a flower-like structure that is followed by round green or yellow berries (1 cm) on the flower stalk after the leaves die back" (Weedbusters New Zealand).
"Plants evergreen, to 1.5 m tall; leaf blades 15-20 x 10-15 cm, ovate-cordate to hastate; spathe ivory-white, widely spreading and arching back, greenish on outside and without a purple spot at base on inside; spadix bright yellow; ovaries green, with interspersed whitish staminodes" (Smith, 1979; p. 447).
Habitat/ecology: "Forests, riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, coastal scrub and grasslands. Where native, this plant grows in sandy or rocky places that are usually seasonally damp. It is invasive because it forms dense patches that crowd out native plants and prevent their regeneration. Dense infestation completely displace the native vegetation" (Weber, 2003; p. 458).
In New Zealand, "Swampy areas and damp wasteland" (Healy & Edgar, 1980; p. 78). "A persistent colony-forming garden escape. Smothers ground layer preventing regeneration of natural flora" (Weeds in New Zealand web site).
Propagation: "The short-lived seeds are dispersed by water, birds and mammals. Rhizome fragments are carried by streams" (Weber, 2003; p. 458). Commonly established by dumping of garden cuttings.
Native range: South Africa and Lesotho, but widely cultivated and naturalizing in wet subtropical situations (Smith, 1979; p. 447).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Norfolk Islands |
Norfolk Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11)
"Naturalised beside one or two streams; an escape from cultivation". Voucher cited: P.S. Green (photo K) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 558) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 558) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Isabela Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Fiji Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 446) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Cultivée |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Cultivée |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1360) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1360) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 18)
Vouchers cited: MacKee 37473, MacKee 37491 |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 118) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
cultivated |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 301)
Ornamental. |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 78)
Voucher cited: T.F. Cheeseman (AK 95563) |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Owen, S. J. (1997)
Naturalized |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
invasive |
MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61) |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lavergne, Christophe (2006)
"Très envahissant" |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
invasive |
Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758) |
French Territory of Mayotte
Mayotte Islands |
Mayotte Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Comments: Reported as a serious invader of of pristine areas in La Réunion (Jacques Tassin, communication to Aliens list server).
Control: For additional control information see the information sheet from Weedbusters New Zealand.
Physical: ">Dig out scattered plants (all year round): remove all pieces of root and dispose of them at a refuse transfer station" (Weedbusters New Zealand).
Chemical: "Seed production can be prevented by spraying plants with 2,4-D, blyphosate or chlorsulferon before fruits are becoming ripe. Follow-up programs may be necessary to treat regrowth and seedlings" (Weber, 2003; p. 458).
"1. Cut and paint stumps: metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg
(1g) + glyphosate (100ml) + penetrant/1L water. Mulch the leaves and dispose of
seeds at refuse transfer station.
2. Weed wipe: metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg (1g) + glyphosate (150ml) + penetrant
/1L water.
3. Overall spray: metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg (3g) + glyphosate (150ml) +
penetrant /10L water." (Weedbusters New Zealand).