(L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae
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(L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: Low risk, score: 0 (Go to the risk assessment)
Other Latin names: Caryophyllus malaccensis (L.) Stokes; Eugenia malaccensis L.
Common name(s): [more details]
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Chamorro: macupa, makupa |
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Chuukese: faaniyaap, faaniyap, faanyaap, fááriyap, faniap, faniap, faniob, faniyap, feniap, feniyap |
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English: Malay apple, mountain apple, Otaheite-apple, pomerac, rose apple |
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Fijian: kavika, kavika ndamu, kavika ndamundamu, kavika vulvula, yasi kavika |
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French: jamboissier rouge, poirier de Malaque, pomme malac, pommier-rose |
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Hawaiian: ‘ōhi‘, ‘ōhi‘ ‘ai, ‘ōhi‘ ‘ai ke‘oke‘o, ‘ōhi‘ hākea, ‘ōhi‘ kea, ‘ōhi‘ leo, ‘ōhi‘ ‘ula |
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Kwara‘ae: afio, kabirai, sa‘au, u‘uinialakau |
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Maori (Cook Islands): ka‘ika, ka‘ika makatea, ka‘ika maori, ka‘ika maori, ka‘ika papa‘ā, ka‘ika tavake, ka‘ika tavake, ka‘ika tavake, ka‘ika ‘enua, kaika makatea |
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Marshallese: abōl |
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Niuean: fekakai |
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Palauan: kidel |
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Pohnpeian: apel, apel en Pohnpei, paniap |
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Samoan: nonu fi‘afi‘a, nonu fiafia |
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Spanish: manzana de agua, pera noruega, pomarrosa de Malaca |
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Tahitian: ahia Tahiti, ‘ahia-tea, ‘ahia-‘ura |
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Tongan: fekika kai |
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Ulithian: harafath |
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Woleaian: faliyap |
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Yapese: arfath, faliap |
Habit: tree
Description: "A tree to 15 m tall; leaves opposite, elliptic to oblong-obovate, commonly 10-18 cm (or up to 25 cm) long and 6-8 cm (to 12 cm) wide, glossy, glabrous, paler beneath, obscurely punctate, bluntly acuminate, basally acute; petiole to 10 mm long; flowers in cymes on older branches and on the trunk, cymes about 5 cm long; calyx-tube turbinate, about 1 cm long; 4-lobed, lobes rounded, wider than long; petals red, fugacious, 4-8 mm long and slightly wider, concave, obovate; stamens many (c. 125) erect, red, 1-2 cm long; anthers small, yellowish; ovary discoid red apically, style dark red, nearly 2 cm long; fruit obovoid, about 7 x 6 cm, glossy and slightly waxy in appearance, crisp-succulent, red or white or striped, usually 1-seeded, edible; seed large, about 2 cm broad" (Stone, 1970; p. 448).
Habitat/ecology: In Fiji, "completely naturalized in thickets or dense or open forest from near sea level to an elevation of about 800 m" (Smith, 1985; pp. 352-353). In Hawai‘i, "a Polynesian introduction, now widely naturalized in low elevation mesic to wet sites, primarily mesic valleys, 200-310 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 975-976). In Niue, "common in and near all the villages" (Sykes, 1970; p. 136). In New Caledonia, "est peu commun et apparemment d'introduction récente en Nouvelle-Calédonie" (MacKee, 1994; p. 107). Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 90).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Indonesia, Malaysia; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in the tropics, exact native range obscure (GRIN). A Polynesian introduction to Hawai‘i (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 975-976) and much of the Pacific.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
McCormack, Gerald (2008) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
‘Atiu Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
McCormack, Gerald (2008) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
McCormack, Gerald (2008) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Ma‘uke Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
McCormack, Gerald (2008) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Miti‘aro Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
McCormack, Gerald (2008) |
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Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
McCormack, Gerald (2008) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
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Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll |
introduced
|
Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 106) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 54)
Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 309 (GUAM) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Tol Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
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Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 61)
Voucher cited: Kanehira 693 (NY) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 26) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll |
introduced
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Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 114) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ulithi Atoll |
introduced
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Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 114) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Woleai Atoll |
introduced
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Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 114) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Kandavu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: Smith 305 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Lakemba Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Vouchers cited: Garnock-Jones 948, U.S. Expl. Exped. |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Ngau Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: Smith 7836 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Ovalau Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: Smith 7498 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Taveuni Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: Gillespie 4646 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Tuvutha Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: Bryan 543 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Levu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1052 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Mbalavu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Vouchers cited: DA 15780, Smith 6597, Degener & Ordonez 14030 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Vouchers cited: Smith 4303, Gillespie 4252, Horne 914, DA 15665, DF 499 (Damanu 138), Gillespie 2527, DF 556, Degener 15501, St. John 18206, MacDaniels 1056, DA 15563, DA 3858, Seemann 161 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Yasawas Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353)
Voucher cited: St. John 18124 |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Marquesas Islands |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island |
introduced
abo. intro. |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Bora Bora Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202)
Voucher cited: Grant 5098 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive abo. intro. |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 53)
Voucher cited: Morris 13 (US) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 61003 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202)
Vouchers cited: Moore 130, BRY 26433 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202)
Vouchers cited: Grant 4044, Florence 8669, BRY 25725 |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 448)
Presence uncertain. |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaho‘olawe Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lāna‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Moloka‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Ni‘ihau Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated abo. intro. |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976) |
|
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kili (Kõle) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 10)
"Rare; young trees planted near Council Hall". |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Arno Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 10)
"Occasional; trees near houses, planted for food". |
|
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 111) |
|
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 175) |
|
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 106-107)
Voucher cited: MacKee 19526 |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 136)
Vouchers cited: CHR 170456, CHR 170459 |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
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Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 91)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9706 (BISH) |
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Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
cultivated abo. intro. |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50) |
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Palau
Hatohobei Group |
Tobi Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1992) (voucher ID: BNM 93)
Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65) |
|
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
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St. John, H. (1987) (p. 44)
Vouchers cited: R. A. Young 51, St. John 15018 |
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 73) |
|
Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Lifuka Island |
introduced
|
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204)
Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15772, Yuncker 15988 |
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Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Nomuka Island |
introduced
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Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15858 |
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Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
introduced
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Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204)
"Frequent throughout Tonga". |
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Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
‘Eua Island |
introduced
|
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15529 |
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Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
introduced
|
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204)
Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15178, Yuncker 15265 |
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Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island |
introduced
|
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204)
Cited: Crosby. |
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Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island | Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 37) | |
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Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis (‘Uvea) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985)
Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007 |
| Pacific Rim | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009) |
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Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009) |
| Indian Ocean | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Maldives
Maldive Islands |
Malè Atoll | Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 29) | |
|
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Frégate Island | Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 55) | |
Additional information:
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information
from the World Agroforestry Centre's
AgroForestryTree Database.
Additional online information about Syzygium malaccense is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Information about Syzygium malaccense as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).
Taxonomic information about Syzygium malaccense may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
Other Latin names: Caryophyllus malaccensis (L.) Stokes; Eugenia malaccensis L.
References:
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1992. Voucher specimen #BNM93(Kepler, A.K. 92-87).
Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.
Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.
Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.
Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.
Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Pohnpei. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 21 pp.
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.
McCormack, Gerald. 2008. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.
McMullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Comstock Pub. Assoc., Ithaca, N.Y. 370 p.
Merlin, M./Jano, D./Raynor, W./Keene, T./Juvik, J./Sebastian, B. 1992. Tuhke en Pohnpei: Plants of Pohnpei. Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 94 pp.
.
Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.
.
Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. 1996. Giddi nge gakiiy nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.
Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.
Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. 1985. Contribution à la connaissance de la végétation et de
la flore de Wallis & Futuna. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4e sér., 7, section B.
Adansonia 3 : 259-329.
Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. 1983. Vegetation of Frégate Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.
Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. (In press).
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.
St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Honolulu, 65 pp.
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