Spermacoce remota Lam., Rubiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Borreria laevis sensu various authors; Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: guang ye feng hua cao

English: buttonweed, woodland false buttonweed

Other: shiumwit

Palauan: okula beluu

Spanish: botoncillo, hierba de toro, tabaquillo

Woleaian: opusal

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Annual or short-lived perennial herbs; stems often purple-tinged, erect or sprawling, 3-10 dm long, glabrous or sparsely retrorsely puberulent in lines on the angles.  Leaves often purple-tinged, opposite, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate, 1-7 cm long, 0.4-3 cm wide, glabrous except puberulent near margins, giving a slightly scabrid texture, apex acute to attenuate-acute, base rounded to cuneate, petioles 2-4 mm long, stipules 2-3 mm long, with 5-7 slender, unequal setae 2-5 mm long, stipules of flower-bearing nodes with numerous setae.  Flowers numerous in axillary and terminal, dense, sessile clusters, stipule-derived bracteoles with setae 2-3 mm long; hypanthium obconical, 2-2.5 mm long; calyx lobes deltate, ca. 0.6 mm long, ciliate, separated by a fringe; corolla white or lobes tinged pink, 2.4-2.6 mm long.  Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid-fusiform, 2-4 mm long, pubescent in upper part, dehiscent, the valves bifid, falling completely away. Seeds dull dark brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5 mm long, transversely sulcate" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1172-1173).

A key to some Spermacoce species (adapted from Lorence & Flynn, 2006; pp. 4-5):

1.  Mature seed surface with deep transverse grooves, the surface between grooves foveolate:  Spermacoce remota [=Spermacoce assurgens].
1.  Mature seeds with surface variously sculptured but not transversely grooved:  2

2(1).  Calyx lobes consistently 2:  Spermacoce exilis
2.       Calyx lobes 4 (occasionally 2-3 in some flowers of Spermacoce prostrata):  3

3(2).  Leaves, at least the lower ones, distinctly petiolate with petioles 5-10 mm long; corolla tube c. 4-5 mm long; capsule (excluding calyx) 2.5-3.0 mm long; seeds 2.0-2.6 mm long:  Spermacoce latifolia
3.      Leaves sessile or the lower ones with petioles 1-3 (5) mm long; corolla tube 0.5 mm long; capsule (excluding calyx) 1-2 mm long; seeds 0.7-1.8 mm long:  4

4(3).  Calyx lobes 4 (occasionally 2-3 in some flowers), 0.5-0.7 mm long, deltate to narrowly deltate with green midrib and broad pale margins; capsule 1.0-1.1 mm long; seeds 0.7-0.9 mm long, deep purplish-brown, dorsal surface with fewer than 8 vertical rows of deep, circular-rimmed pits:  Spermacoce prostrata
4.      Calyx lobes 4, 0.4-1.1 mm long, narrowly deltate to linear-subulate with green midrib and narrow pale margins; capsule 1.2-2.0 mm long; seeds 1-1.8 mm long, chestnut to purplish-brown, dorsal surface with more than 10 vertical rows of minute, shallow pits:  Spermacoce ovalifolia

Habitat/ecology:  "Along trails, in clearings, and in uncrowded grassy areas throughout much of tropical America from sea level to 1,500 m or higher where sufficient moisture is available; a common weed in many areas" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 424-425). "A weed of gardens, lawns, roadsides and disturbed areas. Weed of plantations, cultivation and pastures. Tolerant of moist and dry climates.  Locally abundant, 0-1200 m altitude" (Waterhouse & Mitchell, 1998; pp. 87-88).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and often common in urban areas, along roadsides, and other low elevation disturbed sites" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1172-1173).  In Fiji, "occurring between sea level and 850 m elevation as an abundantly naturalized weed on grassy slopes, along roadsides, and in villages, canefields, and gardens" (Smith, 1988; pp. 373-374).  "Common in croplands and disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 35). In Papua New Guinea, "a common and widespread plant of grassland, stream sides, forest clearings and roadsides; a weed of gardens and pasture. From low altittudes to at least 1200 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 143). In Tonga, "rather frequent as a weed in waste areas and clearings" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 259). In New Caledonia, "sous ces noms sont citées des plantes répandues comme mauvaises herbes de cultures, pelouses et terrains vagues" (MacKee, 1994; p. 123).

Propagation:  "Seeds dispersed by water, slashing equipment, cultivation" (Waterhouse & Mitchell, 1998; pp. 87-88).

Native range:  Florida south to Central and South America and the West Indies, now widely naturalized (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1172-1173).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 3482
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 54)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34832) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Whistler 1308
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34743) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1991) (voucher ID: PTBG 10509) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 14) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3376, Bryan s.n.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 37247) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 66)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 66)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Fernandina Group	Fernandina Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Cerro Azul, Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Albany Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Wolf Island	Wolf Island	native	Charles Darwin Research Station (2005)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L. (1993) (p. 118) Voucher cited: Fosberg 60174 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher: BMW 5751 (BISH, DNA)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 23) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Waterhouse, Barbara (year unknown) (p. Voucher specimen) Voucher: BMW 5783 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 132) Vouchers cited: E. Albert 61 (NY, PTBG), E. Albert 203 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 58429 (BISH), D.H. Lorence 7915 (PTBG), B.M. Waterhouse BMW5783 (BISH) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21143) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota Ruiz & Pavon
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 43725) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43734) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kanathea Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Voucher cited: Bryan 571
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 908
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Voucher cited: Smith 7473
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4400.3
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Vouchers cited: DA 10470, DA 10767
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 983
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1988) (pp. 373-374) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 151, DA 9738, Smith 4319, DA 10416, DA 10180, Smith 9444, DA 9521, DA 10006, Gillespie 3424, DA 10622, Meebold 16690
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 250) Voucher cited: BRY 26403
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 250) Voucher cited: Florence 9792
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 9792 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11420 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11122 (PAP) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 24061) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1172-1173)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1172-1173)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H40116 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1172-1173)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H70111 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1172-1173) Voucher cited: Degener 27707 (BISH)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 78)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1972) (voucher ID: PTBG 11001) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 75) Voucher: Imada 2003-41 (BISH 697656)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 11) "Uncommon; grassy and ruderal areas".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 65) Vouchers cited: Herbst 8904, Herbst 8981, Herbst 9094, Whistler 11172, Whistler 11253
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 44944) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 44983) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 11) "Common; in lawns and ruderal areas".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 121)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A20) Common; around homes, on runway and in ruderal areas. Voucher 0726201007 (BISH, GUAM, PTBG)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0514200914
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 190) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 2 (SUVA)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 123) Voucher cited: MacKee 27243
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 123) Vouchers cited: Cribs 766, Schlechter 14814, Franc1381, MacKee 2139, MacKee 25267, Sévenet 1004, Toutain 3431 (NOU)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Ouen	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 123) Voucher cited: Buchholz 1681
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 175) As Borreria laevis sensu auct. non (Lam.) Griesb. Voucher cited: CHR 170395
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 35)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 44)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 114) As Borreria laevis sensu auct. non (Lam.) Griesb. Voucher cited: Yuncker 9881 (BISH) "A weed in clearings and waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 47)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 110)
Palau Kayangel Atoll	Kayangel Islet	introduced invasive	Miles, Joel (2015) (p. 2) ref cites other taxa as "Cultivated," but not this one, so implication is that this taxon was found in a non-cultivated situation (PT@PhilipT.com/20170602)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. (1980) (p. 199) Voucher cited: Canfield 181 (US)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1977) (voucher ID: BNM 907) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens R. & P.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 105)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 99)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 99)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 108) Carp Resort
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngercheu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65) Carp Resort
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 99)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 277-278)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 107)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. (1980) (p. 199) Voucher cited: Canfield 425 (US)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65) Voucher: Lorence 9751 (PTBG, BNM, NY)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 43) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngchus Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 108)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngchus Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngemelis Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65) Voucher: Lorence 9865 (PTBG, BNM)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngemelis Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 158) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. (1980) (p. 199) Voucher cited: Canfield 539 (US)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngerchong Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 1337) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce assurgens R. & P.
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngeremdiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 143) As Borreria laevis (Lamk) Griseb. From low altitudes to at least 1200 m.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 35)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 110)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 66) Vouchers cited: Soakai 287, Soakai 551
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 66) Voucher cited: Scarth-Johnson 77
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 35)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 259) "Rather frequent throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 66) Voucher cited: Soakai 335
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 259) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15428
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 66) Vouchers cited: Lawrence 17, Ilolahia 22, Soakai 169
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 259) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15007
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 351)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 66) Voucher cited: Soakai 877
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 66) Voucher cited: Soakai 737
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Alofi Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 37)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 35)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Naturalized in disturbed wet sites; below 100-300 m. Guangdong.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)
Indonesia Indonesia	Mapia Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L. (1993) (p. 118) Voucher cited: Vink 12087 (L)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 187) As Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 81) Naturalised
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Naturalized in disturbed wet sites; below 100-300 m.
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 128)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A. (1998) (pp. 87-88)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 8)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 29) As Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pavon
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 23860) Taxon name on voucher: Spermacoce remota

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