Burm.f., Malvaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: Reject, score: 19 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
Austral: brum, purumu |
Bikol: surusighid |
Chamorro: escobilla, escobilla adumelon, escobilla papago, escobilla papagu |
Chinese: huang hua ren |
Chuukese: sioinen, siyóyinen |
English: Paddy's lucerne, broom grass, broom weed, clock plant, common fanpetals, common wireweed, southern sida, spiny-head sida |
Fijian: deni vuaka, ndeni vuaka, ndeniosa, qawenilawe |
Filipino: escuba |
French: herbe à balais, herbe à paniers, herbe panier |
Iloko: basbasot |
Japanese: kahwinyotz |
Mangarevan: koa, kowai iva |
Maori (Cook Islands): pulumi, purūmu |
Marquesan: au hopa, hopa, kopa, puehu, puehu enana |
Niuean: mautofu, motofu |
Palauan: keak |
Pohnpeian: kahwinyotz, kawenioas, selmei |
Samoan: mautofu |
Spanish: babosilla, escoba, escoba blanca, escoba negra, escobilla, escobilla blanca, escobilla cabezuda, escobilla negra, huinar, malva colorado, malva de castilla |
Tagalog: walis-walisan |
Tahitian: burume, porumu |
Tongan: teehoosi, teekosi |
Habit: herb
Description: "A small, erect, much branched, perennial shrub or herb; ranging from 30 to 100 cm in height, with a strong taproot; stem and branches flattened at the extremities, fibrous, almost woody at times; leaves alternate, slender, lanceolate, acute, margins toothed, 1.2 to 9 cm or more long, 0.5 to 4 cm wide, lower surface smooth or with sparse, short, branched, starlike (stellate) hairs, with fairly prominent veins; petiole 3 to 6 mm long, hairy, with a pair of stipules, at least one lanceolate-linear, 1 to 2 mm broad, three- to six-nerved, often curved, finely hairy, the other stipule narrower, one- to four-nerved; flowers 1 to 2 cm in diameter, solitary or in densely crowded axillary heads; pedicels 3 to 8 mm, slender, jointed near the middle; calyx five-lobed; sepals pale green, triangular, acute, about 6 mm long; petals five, joined at base, 6 to 9 mm or more long, light yellow, yellow, or pale orange, with a shallow notch at the apex; ovary eight-celled, one-ovulate; stamens of many filaments arising from a tube; style divided into six branches; fruit a capsule, 3 to 4.5 mm in diameter, rough, consisting of five to eight (rarely more) carpels which break at maturity into equal, one-seeded, segments (mericarp), each of which has two glabrous or nearly glabrous awns or beaks 1 to 1.5 mm long; seeds small, roughly triangular, 1.5 mm long, with a deep depression on each of the sides, reddish brown or black. Sida acuta is often confused with Sida rhombifolia, but can be distinguished from that species by its smaller and narrower lanceolate leaves (those of S. rhombifolia are rhomboid or diamond shaped), the shorter pedicels of the flower, and by the two awns of the carpels (S. rhombifolia has one awn or none)" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 426).
"A low shrub to 1 m tall (rarely 2 m) with slender tough stems; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, obtuse or rounded at base, 1.5-6 cm long; 5-20 mm wide, sharply serrate, stellate-pubescent beneath; petioles 3-5 mm long; blade 3-nereved from base, pinnately branched above the base; stipules linear-acute, about 1 cm long; flowers 1 or 2 in axils, pedicels to about 1 cm long; corolla about 6-14 mm broad, yellow; fruit 4-5 mm broad, 6-8-carpellate; seeds dark reddish-brown, 1.5 mm long; ripe carpels with 2 beaks, grooved on the back" (Stone, 1970; p. 415).
Habitat/ecology: "Mainly a weed of the tropics and subtropics. Although it grows widely throughout the tropics, it can be found at higher elevations. It has been reported up to 1,500 m in Indonesia. The weed is frequently found in pastures, wastelands, cultivated lands, roadsides, lawns, and in planted forests. Once the plant becomes established, it is very competitive, holding and denying sites to other plants. It does appear to do best in disturbed habitats. The plant grows well in many soils, including some heavy clays, and can tolerate dry as well as high rainfall conditions. In Fiji it is most aggressive in the dry zones. It has a deep taproot which can withstand drought, mowing, or shallow infrequent tillage. Tough woody stems also aid in its persistence" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 426). "A major weed of pastures and roadsides and also important in orchards and plantations, though not in cultivation" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 18). "Occasional in waste areas and roadsides" (Whistler, 1988; p. 29).
In Guam, "common around villages in waste ground" (Stone, 1970; p. 415). In Hawaii, "naturalized in open and shaded sites, from near sea level up to ca. 790 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 897). In Fiji, "naturalized in waste places, plantations, canefields, and pastures and along roadsides" (Smith, 1981; p. pp. 436-437). In Tonga, "a rather common waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 181).
Propagation: Seed. "The awned mericarps are spread by adhering to clothing and livestock, in mud on vehicles, and as contaminants in hay and seed crops" (Smith, 2002; pp. 40-41).
Native range: Unknown; a pantropical weed, perhaps indigenous in Central America (Smith, 1981; pp. 436-437).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Manua Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 18) |
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96) | |
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island | Anon. (1988) (p. 3) | |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Agrigan (Agrihan) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
S. acuta x rhombifolia? |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33)
Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1941 (US), Fosberg 31702 (US), Fosberg 31719 (US) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Alamagan Island |
introduced
|
Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60)
Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58865 |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Anatahan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Anatahan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33)
Voucher cied: Falanruw 1647 |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Pagan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Pagan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33)
Vouchers cited: Moore 408 (US), Fosberg 31362 (US), Anderson 563 (US) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Pagan Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1949) (voucher ID: PTBG 23592)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1978) (voucher ID: PTBG 23415)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Sarigan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33)
Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1724 (US), Evans 2433 (US, BISH, Fo, NY) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Saipan |
Saipan Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mauke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mitiaro Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Floreana Group |
Floreana Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Cerro Azul, Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Isabela Group |
Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
San Cristóbal Group |
San Cristóbal Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Observed in survey, no herbarium record. |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santa Cruz Group |
Santa Cruz Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands)
Santiago Group |
Santiago Island |
introduced
invasive |
Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Dublon (Tonowas) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Parem (Param) Island | Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013) | |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Pis Island | Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013) | |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 52)
Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 267 (GUAM) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Tol Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1949) (voucher ID: PTBG 22240)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 20)
Voucher cited: Lorence 7865 (PTBG) Naturalized |
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2010) (voucher ID: PTBG 33534)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f. |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21123)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta N. L. Burm. |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 68)
Voucher cited: Glassman 2789 (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
invasive |
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 109)
Vouchers cited: E. Albert 42 (NY, PTBG), E. Albert 168 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 3871 (NY, PTBG) Naturalized |
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 43825)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 515)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f. |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Ovalau Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437)
Vouchers cited: US 12252, DA 1135 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Taveuni Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437)
Vouchers cited: Gillespie 4795.5, DA 5744 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Levu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437)
Voucher cited: Greenwood 674 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Mbalavu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437)
Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 990 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437)
Vouchers cited: Greenwood 99, DA 2914, DA 10435, DA 2810, DA 2908, DA 9145, DA 10739, DA 3030, DA 9940 |
French Polynesia
Gambier Islands |
Mangareva (Gambier) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Gambier Islands |
Mangareva (Gambier) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia Adventice |
French Polynesia
Gambier Islands |
Mangareva (Gambier) Island |
introduced
invasive |
St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 19)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 11165 (BISH) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Eiao Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-238) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Eiao Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Eiao Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Voucher cited: J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9337 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Vouchers cited: D.H. Lorence, W.L. Wagner, J. Florence, Y. Séchan & S. Bishop 6166 (PAP), J. Florence 7412 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6351)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta subsp. carpinifolia |
|
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-238) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Voucher cited: J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9430 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: M.-H. Sachet 1234 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1297 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: B.G. Decker 678 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1024 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1092 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta and subsp. carpinifolia. Vouchers cited: P.A. Savatier 695 (PAP), J. Florence 4106 (PAP), J. Florence 4137 (PAP), J. Florence 4140 (PAP), J. Florence 6927 (PAP), J. Florence 8441 (PAP), J. Florence 8516 (PAP), B.G. Decker 2111 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 1457 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: B.G. Decker 1853 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 2240 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: J. Florence 4427 (PAP), B.G. Decker 2292 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Bora Bora Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-238) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Bora Bora Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 48)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 64803 (US) Rare |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Maupiti (Maurua) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta and subsp. carpinifolia. Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia (C. Linnaeus f.) Borssum-Waalkes. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10298 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 60920 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: J. Florence 2091 (PAP) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 37690)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 37689)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f. |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 178)
Voucher cited: Quayle 109 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4028 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg 64994 (PAP); subsp. acuta; J. Florence 2513 (PAP), J. Florence 3887 (PAP), J. Florence 4033 (PAP), J. Florence 4664 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: J. Florence 2261 (PAP), J. Florence 2853 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tupai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tupai Island |
introduced
|
Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 20)
Voucher cited: Grant 4848 (BISH) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tupai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta Adventice |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Makatea (Maatea) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
? |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Makatea (Maatea) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta Adventice |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Niau Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Niau Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10102 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Raivavae (Raevavae) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Raivavae (Raevavae) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Voucher cited: J. Florence 5622 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rapa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Voucher cited: J. Florence 6337 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rurutu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5538 (PAP), J. Florence 5983 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Tubuai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Tubuai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
subsp. acuta and subsp. carpinifolia Adventice |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 415)
Vouchers cited: Stone 4142 (GUAM), Stone 4995 (GUAM) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 23595)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1950) (voucher ID: PTBG 23596)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1980) (voucher ID: PTBG 23597)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897)
Voucher cited: Heller 2424 (BISH,CU) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
|
Wester, Lyndon (1992) (p. 142) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897) |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands | Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) | |
Kiribati
Banaba Island |
Banaba (Ocean) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Maiana Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13)
Voucher: Imada 2003-111 (BISH 697722) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ujelang Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ujelang Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 15)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 34180 (US) |
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
also S. acuta x rhombifolia? |
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
invasive |
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 167)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58615 (US), Fosberg 58649 (US), Fosberg 58806 (US), Thaman & Manner 23 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 96 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 22303 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9558 (BRIU), Swarbrick 9582 (BRIU) |
New Caledonia
Îles Bélep (Belep Islands) |
Île Art |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98)
Voucher cited: Montrouzier 8 (LY) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands) |
introduced
invasive |
Tassin, Jacques (2005) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll) |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98)
Voucher cited: Schmid 2338 (NOU) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Tiga |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98)
Voucher cited: MacKee 45851 |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382)
Rudérale, nombreuses localités |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive |
Tassin, Jacques (2005) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98)
Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n., Vieillard 139, MacKee 4055, Toutain 3463 (NOU) |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (pp. 116-117)
Vouchers cited: CHR 170352, CHR 170345 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 29) |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 81)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 10150 (BISH) "Occasional along roadsides, in waste areas and plantations". |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 47) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Angaur (Ngeaur) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Angaur (Ngeaur) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Angaur (Ngeaur) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Peleliu (Beliliou) Island | Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013) | |
Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago |
Bismarck Archipelago |
invasive
|
Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 361)
Common, an abundant and persistent weed of plantations, pasture, roadsides, etc. |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 121)
At low altitudes, mainly in areas with seasonal rainfall. |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 65) | |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) | |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (pp. 33-34)
In open waste places; a ubiquitous weed. |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Western Samoa Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 29) | |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 109) |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 166)
Dominant invader. |
Tonga
Haapai Group |
Haano Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 237)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta |
|
Tonga
Haapai Group |
Haapai Islands |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42)
Voucher cited: Soakai 571 |
|
Tonga
Haapai Group |
Lifuka Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15977 |
|
Tonga
Haapai Group |
Nomuka Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15802 |
|
Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181)
"Throughout Tonga". |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42)
Voucher cited: Croby 3 |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Vavau Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181)
Cited: Crosby. |
|
Vanuatu
New Hebrides Islands |
Vanuatu (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 180) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Northern Territory |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 40-41) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 40-41) |
Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
El Salvador (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 429) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Honduras (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335) | |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Panama (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335) | |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428) |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
native
|
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 99) |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186) |
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) | |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428) | |
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) | |
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) |
uncertain if introduced
invasive |
Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 80)
Weed of uncertain origin |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335) | |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) | Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428) | |
Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428) |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) | |
Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group |
Christmas Island |
native
|
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 18) |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
native
|
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38)
North Keeling Island |
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island |
introduced
|
Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 154)
Vouchers cited: Stoddart 863 (K, US), Rhyne 776 (US) |
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 28) |
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 38085)
Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f. |
|
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335) | |
French Territory of Mayotte
Mayotte Islands |
Mayotte Island |
introduced
invasive |
Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Agalega Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 127)
Voucher cited: Stoddart 7273b (US) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Cousin Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 28)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 52094 (US) |
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Frégate Island |
Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 54)
Vouchers cited: Robertson 2748, Robertson 1691 |
|
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Platte Island |
Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 161)
Voucher cited: Robertson 3009 (K) |
|
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Poivre Island |
Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 171)
Vouchers cited: Robertson 2361 (K), Robertson 2362 (K) |
|
Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Seychelles Islands |
introduced
|
Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017) |
Comments: A declared noxious weed in Western Australia and the Northern Territory (Smith, 2002; pp. 40-41).
Control:
Physical: "Controlled by chipping or cultivation. Suppressed by slashing and vigorous, well-managed, competitive pasture species. Tolerates some shade" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 29).
Chemical: "Susceptible to: 1) residual herbicides, including 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba and fluroxypyr at standard rates; 2) translocated herbicides, including 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba and fluroxypyr at standard rates" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 29).
Biological: "Possible natural enemies are discussed by Waterhouse and Norris (1987). Work is in progress in Australia using the leaf-eating beetle, Calligrapha pantherium" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 29).