Salvia guaranitica St. Hil. ex Benth., Lamiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk; score: 9 (Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment for Salvia guaranitica)

Other Latin names:  Salvia coerulea Benth.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: anise sage, anise-scented sage, black and blue, blue anise sage

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Blue anise sage is a semi-woody perennial subshrub with a loose, bushy, rather open form. It gets 3-5 ft (0.9-1.5 m) tall and just as wide, and has branched, dark green stems that are square in cross section. The branches and leaves are in pairs originating on opposite sides of the stems. The leaves are 2-5 in (5.1-12.7 cm) long, more or less oval in shape, slightly toothed, dark green, wrinkled above and pale green below. They do not smell like anise. The individual flowers are tubular, to 2 in (5.1 cm) long, with a hoodlike upper lip and a shorter, downward pointing lower lip. They are borne in showy 10 in (25.4 cm) spikes from early summer to late autumn." (Floridata)

Habitat/ecology:  In cultivation: "Light: Blue anise sage does well in partial shade to full sun. Too much shade will cause the stems to become elongated and fall over. Moisture: Needs moderate water, especially in full sun in summer. Hardiness: USDA Zones&nbsnp;8-11. Blue anise sage grows as a shrub in frost-free climates. It freezes to the ground and sprouts back in spring in zones 8 and 9A. It can be cultivated as an annual in colder climes. It might be possible to maintain blue anise sage in zone 7 if mulched heavily in winter." (Floridata)

Propagation:  In cultivation, propagation is by division, softwood cuttings, or seed. (Dave's Garden)

"Propagation: Cuttings are fairly easy to root. Take fast-growing tip cutting in spring or semi-hard tip cuttings in summer or fall. Results are better with bottom heat." (Floridata)

Native range:  Salvia guaranitica (Lamiaceae) is native to Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina (Floridata) (confirmed by specimens illustrated in JSTOR Global Plants).

Impacts and invaded habitats:  casual alien, weed: New Zealand; Landcare Research New Zealand (2001) Plant Names Database cited at the Global Compendium of Weeds (see also details of GCW terms).

naturalised: Chile; Marticorena, C. (2000?) Naturalised Plants of Chile. University of Santiago Herbarium. cited at the Global Compendium of Weeds (see also details of GCW terms).

naturalised: New Zealand; This Excel database comprises all species listed in five New Zealand Journal of Botany (NZJBot) supplements to the adventive plants listed in Flora of NZ Vol. 4 (Webb et al. 1988).... cited at the Global Compendium of Weeds (see also details of GCW terms).

If you know of other invaded habitats or impacts, please let us know.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island		Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Japan Japan	Japan		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)		Randall, R. P. (2017) accessed 20181127, naturalised, weed, casual alien
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20181121
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)		Randall, R. P. (2017) accessed 20181127, naturalised
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (Oregon)	cultivated	Dave's Garden (year unknown) accessed 20181127 division, softwood cuttings, seed
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	cultivated	Dave's Garden (year unknown) accessed 20181127 division, softwood cuttings, seed
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (Washington)	cultivated	Dave's Garden (year unknown) accessed 20181127 division, softwood cuttings, seed

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Canada Canada	Canada		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
Europe Europe	France		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
Europe Europe	Sweden		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
South America South America	Argentina	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20181121
South America South America	Argentina		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127, cited as Salvia guaranitica A.St.-Hil., a homotypic synonym of Salvia coerulea Benth.
South America South America	Argentina		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Brazil	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20181121
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Brazil		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127, cited as Salvia guaranitica A.St.-Hil., a homotypic synonym of Salvia coerulea Benth.
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Brazil		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Paraguay	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20181121
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Paraguay		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Uruguay	native	GRIN (year unknown) accessed 20181121
South America (non-Pacific rim) South America (non-Pacific rim)	Uruguay		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
United States of America United States	United States		Global Biodiversity Information Facility (year unknown) accessed 20181127
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	cultivated	Dave's Garden (year unknown) accessed 20181127, see document for details (copied to PIER archives as of 20181127) division, softwood cuttings, seed
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	cultivated	Dave's Garden (year unknown) accessed 20181127 division, softwood cuttings, seed

Control:  PIER knows of no specific control methods for this species; however, for Salvia reflexa (a weed of commercial cotton), "...metolachlor mixed with cotton broadleaf herbicides proved the most effective pre-emergent form of control.? Post-emergent applications of glyphosate, bromoxynil and glufosinate-ammonium provided excellent control...." (Roberts &Gibb 1998)