Salvia coccinea Juss. ex Murray, Lamiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: zhu chun

English: Texas sage, crimson sage, red sage, red salvia, scarlet sage, tropical sage, wild salvia

French: sauge du Texas, toc Maria

Hawaiian: līlīlehua

Mangarevan: miri

Maori (Cook Islands): titānia

Niuean: momili

Tongan: te‘ekosi

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Perennial subligneous herb to 1.5 m high, the branchlets shaggy-hirsute to hispid, usually eglandular; leaves petiolate, the petioles slender, 0.5-2 (-6) cm long, the blades ovate-deltoid, 2.5-4 (-6) x 1.5-3 (-5) cm, truncate to cordate and then abruptly attenuate at base, acute to obtuse at apex, shallowly crenate to serrate at margin, glabrous to scaberulous above, more densely pubescent and often glandular-pubescent beneath especially on nerves; verticils 2-10 (-14)-flowered, arranged in terminal racemes, the bracts ovate-lanceolate, to 1 cm long, often long-ciliate on margin, deciduous; pedicels slender, to 8 mm long; calyx dull purple and green, tubular, erect or deflexed from end of pedicel, 7-8 mm long at anthesis, to 10 mm long in fruit, striate, pubescent, the upper lip entire, obtuse, the lower lip 2-toothed, the teeth triangular to ovate, acute; corolla red, 20-25 (-30) mm long, pubescent, without, the tube straight, exserted, the upper lip short, erect, the lower lip 3-lobed, longer than upper lip, stamens inserted in corolla throat, the filaments pink, to 4 mm long, the connectives many times longer; nutlets narrowly ovoid, about 3 mm long, brown, smooth  (Smith, 1991; pp. 242-243).

Habitat/ecology:  Cultivated and naturalized as a minor weed of waste places in Fiji at elevations from near sea level to about 850 m (Smith, 1991; pp. 242-243).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, 50-1,000 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 829).  In Niue, "a very common adventive that now grows over most of Niue in waste places and plantations" (Sykes, 1970; p. 105). In Tonga, "rather widespread as a weed in waste areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 235). In New Caledonia, "peu cultivé aujourd'hui mais répandu et parfois commun à l'état spontané" (MacKee, 1994; p. 70).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Tropical America but widespread in cultivation and naturalized (Smith, 1991; pp. 242-243).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 207)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 20) "Originally an escape from gardens, but now a common and very widespread weed". Vouchers cited: J. Pickard 1204 (K, NSW), P.S. Green 2030 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) "Originally an escape from gardens, but now a common and very widespread weed". Vouchers cited: G. Uhe 1158 (K); 1902, J.H. Maiden & J.L. Boorman (K, NSW)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: B. Huguenin s.n. (PAP) Naturalisée
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 355) Taxon name on voucher: Salvia coccinea Juss. ex Murray
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 242-243) Voucher cited: DA 2938
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 242-243) Voucher cited: DA 16894
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 242-243) Vouchers cited: Gibbs 761, DA 11418, DA 16450
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 23) Voucher cited: St. John 14915 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Quayle & Curtis 447 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 23) Voucher cited: St. John 14648 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: B. Huguenin s.n. (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 23) Vouchers cited: Agassiz 123 (GH), Fosberg 11048 (BISH), St. John 14559 (BISH), J. P. Chapin 931 (BISH), Quayle & Curtis 433 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 23) Voucher cited: St. John 14790 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7239 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 42247) Taxon name on voucher: Salvia coccinea Etl.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 131) Voucher cited: Moore 700
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 829-830)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 40) Voucher cited: T. Flynn et al. 3176 (PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 829-830)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 829-830)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 829-830)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 829-830)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Toutain 3634 (NOU)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Sarasin 509 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Voucher cited: MacKee 18873
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Voucher cited: MacKee 45853
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Baaba	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Voucher cited: MacKee 23221
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Vouchers cited: Balansa 2165, Grunow s.n. (W), MacKee 15518
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 70) Voucher cited: Buchholz 1669
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 105) Vouchers cited: CHR 169927, CHR 169928, CHR 169929
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 21)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 37)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 103-104) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9640 (BISH), Yuncker 9641 (BISH) "Naturalized and common as a roadside weed".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 10) Escaping from cultivation.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced invasive cultivated	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 486) Introduced as an ornamental and ± naturalized on the Gazelle Peninsula. Not found in New Ireland.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 235) Cited: Crosby.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 319)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 7)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Cultivated in China and naturalized in Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 238) Ornamental.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 319)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 188)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé/±envahissant"
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Control:  If you know of control methods for Salvia coccinea, please let us know.