Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Myrtaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 18 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Psidium cattleyanum Sabine; Psidium littorale Raddi; Psidium littorale Raddi var. longipes (O. Berg) Fosb.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: cao mei fan shi liu

English: Cattley guava, Chinese cherry guava, Chinese guava, cherry guava, purple guava, purple strawberry guava, red strawberry guava, small guava, strawberry guava, yellow Cattley guava, yellow strawberry guava

Fijian: ngguava

French: goyave de Chine jaune, goyave de Chine rouge, goyavier, goyavier de Chine, goyavier-fraise

Hawaiian: waiawī ‘ula‘ula

Maori (Cook Islands): tū‘ava papa'ā, tūava papa'ā, tūvava papa'ā, tuava papa'ā

Pohnpeian: kuwahpa

Samoan: ku‘ava

Spanish: guayaba, guayabo pequeño

Tahitian: tuava popa'a, tuava tinito, tuvava tinito

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Shrubs or small trees 2-6 m tall; young branches terete, sparsely puberulent when young, soon glabrate.  Leaves aromatic, leathery, obovate to elliptic-obovate, 3.5-13.5 cm long, (2.5-) 3-6 cm wide, both surfaces with scarcely raised lateral veins, glabrous or glabrate, apex bluntly cuspidate, base attenuate to cuneate, petioles 5-10 mm long.  Flowers usually solitary in the leaf axils, peduncles 4-8 mm long; sepals ca. 4-5 mm long, persistent in fruit; petals white, obovate, ca. 5-7 mm long.  Berries red to purplish red or occasionally yellow, globose to obovoid or ellipsoid, glossy and smooth, 2-3 cm in diameter, the pulp white.  Seeds ca. 5 mm long, smooth"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 971).

"Evergreen shrub or slender tree 1-3 (-8) m high; branchlets cylindrical, smooth.  Leaves:  Dark green, glabrous, shiny, thick and leathery, veins not conspicuously impressed, long-tapering at the base.  Flowers:  White, ± 15 mm across, solitary.  Fruits:  Purplish-red berries, globose, cherry-sized, 20-30 mm long, flesh white, sweet"  (Henderson, 1995; p. 124).

"Arbuste à petit arbre de 2 à 6 m de hauteur, pouvant atteindre 10 m, reconnaissable à son écorce lisse brun-rosâtre, ses petites feuilles coriaces de couleur vert-foncé, à ses fleurs blanches solitaires et à ses fruits charnus et globuleux de couleur rouge à pourpre à maturité (parfois jaunes) et avec une pulpe blanchâtre contenant de nombreuses petites graines"  (Meyer, 2008; p. 33).

Habitat/ecology:  "Forests and forest openings, mountain slopes.  A thicket forming, shade tolerant tree that is able to invade intact and undisturbed rainforest.  It is fast growing and produces dense populations of root suckers and seedlings.  The dense foliage shades out all other plants.  The soil surface is often covered by mats of feeder roots.  The tree accumulates a large amount of litter that suppresses the establishment and growth of native tree seedlings"  (Weber, 2003; p. 348).  Tolerates shade and is a serious pest in both pastures and rain forests  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Favors moist or wet slopes. Produces dense thickets of small-stemmed plants. Density of stands and allelopathic characteristics inhibit other species. Strawberry guava is found in Hawai‘i between 150-1,300 m, principally in rain forest habitats (C. W. Smith, 1985; p. 200), and to 1000 m in French Polynesia.  In Fiji, "A locally naturalized shrub or small tree 2-6 m high occurring near sea level or at low elevations, usually in beach thickets"  (A. C. Smith, 1985; p. 308). In New Caledonia, "est peu cultivé mais parfois naturalisé" (MacKee, 1994; p. 106).  In Mauritius, "invading upland evergreen wet forest, lower montane forest and wet forest, including areas with low disturbance"  (Cronk & Fuller, 2001; p. 113).

Propagation:  Seeds and suckers. Fruits are dispersed by birds and pigs. Also reportedly spread by cattle (Welsh, 1989; p. 200).

Native range:  Eastern Brazil and northeastern Uruguay (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 207)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 20) "Spread by cattle and birds, and growing so thickly that it crowds out any other plant". Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 2035 (K), A.C. Beauglehole 5838 (MEL), B. Conn 3572 (NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Ziesing, P. (1997) (pp. 22-23)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) Var. cattleianum "Spread by cattle and birds, and growing so thickly that it crowds out any other plant". Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 2413 (K), M. Lazarides 8024 (CANB, K), G. Uhe 1105 (K); var. littorale Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 2414 (K), W.R. Sykes NI 383 (CHR), W.R. Sykes 878/87 (CHR)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 33-34, 43) "Non citée par Zizka (1991), il y aurait « une seule plantation subsistant à Vaitea » (Lefeuvre et al., 2005; page 47)" (Meyer, 2008; p. 34).
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (pp. 495, 541, 556) "En RC, está presente en varios jardines del pueblo de San Juan Bautista.  Es una especie peligrosa, de la misma familia que la luma endémica [Myrceugenia fernandeziana (Hook & Arn.) Johow], que debe ser vigilada muy de cerca y mantenida rigurosamente dentro de los jardines".
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 166373) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 664840) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 192)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Potential invader"
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 117) Voucher cited: R. Lengsi 48 (NY) Naturalized
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 308) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 1026, Smith 9509, Vaughan 3446a, DF 348 (Damanu 37), DA 9177 (MccKee 2741), DA 11464, DA 12510, DA 6035
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1943) (voucher ID: BISH 166402) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 166403) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7331 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 546556) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6241) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 200) Vouchers cited: Moore 227, Florence 3310
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 8992 (PAP), J. Florence 11888 (PAP) Naturalisée, Menace pour la biodiversité
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 658365) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 82)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 200) Voucher cited: Florence 3310
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2301 (PAP), J. Florence 3310 (PAP), J. Florence 4485 (PAP) Naturalisée. Menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493562) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 555129) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 698734) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 37693) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6237 (PAP), J. Florence 6320 (PAP), J. Florence 6336 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité,
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493204) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493219) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493225) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11136 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité,
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643733) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 971)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 971)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 971)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 971)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 971)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 971)
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced invasive	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 284) Naturalized
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) As Psidium littorale Raddi
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) Voucher cited: Däniker 3140 (Z)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n., Däniker 1167, MacKee 10002, Sévenet in MacKee 29765 Spontané
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1980) (voucher ID: PTBG 32374) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 120)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 456) Subject of eradication program.
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 866) "Cultivation escape in and around old orchards and to a limited extent in scrub along roadside and in indigenous forest".
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 192) Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) but not seen by Space et al. (2003).
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	introduced	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 408) Rare.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 104)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10751 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 643372) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 10)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28949) Taxon name on voucher: Psidium cattleianum Sabine

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 192)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 192)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) As Psidium cattleyanum Sabine. Cultivated in Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 163)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186) As Psidium littorale Raddi
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive cultivated	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 866) "Cultivation escape in and around old orchards and to a limited extent in scrub along roadside and in indigenous forest".
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) As Psidium cattleyanum Sabine

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 125)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Anjouan (Nzwani) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Grande Comore (Njazidja) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé/Très envahissant"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. (2004) (p. 4)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, D./Sussman, R. W. (1988) (pp. 187-204)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (p. 6)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (p. 6)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced cultivated	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) Potentiellement envahissant.
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 55)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced invasive	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 348)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)

Comments:  One of the worst invasive species in forests of Hawai‘i, Tahiti, La Réunion and Mauritius.

Found on Upolu, Samoa, at Malololelei on the cross-island road. This stand has been there for some time as the specimens are quite large (Space & Flynn, 2002).

Becoming quite common on Rarotonga, Cook Islands (Space & Flynn, 2002).

A potential threat on Pitcairn Island.  A few plants around one homestead (Pierre Binggeli, communication to Aliens listserver).

The fruit is a host to fruit flies (Motooka et al., 2003).

Control:  Control information from the Bugwood Wiki.

"La lutte manuelle par arrachage des plantules et la lutte chimique par pulvérisation sur les souches ou par injection dans les troncs d’un herbicide à base de triclopyr et/ou dicamba sont réalisables. Le déracinage des arbres est rendu difficile en raison de système racinaire traçant"  (Meyer, 2008; p. 34).

Physical:  Pull or dig out small plants. Leave on site to rot down"  (Weedbusters New Zealand).

Chemical: "Strawberry guava is sensitive to foliar, frill and cut-surface applications of triclopyr, dicamba, and 2,4-D, in descending order of efficacy. Glyphosate was ineffective over the long term although early defoliation was severe. Strawberry guava was also sensitive to basal bark applications of 2,4-D, picloram, and triclopyr. Where applications were made during dry days, conventional basal bark applications of triclopyr at 2 % and 2,4-D at 4 % of respective products were effective at Kokee. Thin line applications of triclopyr ester, 20 % product in diesel or crop oil, were effective. Thin line vertical applications to opposite sides of stems to 5 inches diameter was also effective.  HAVO staff controlled strawberry guava with triclopyr amine at 50% product in water applied to cut stumps or to frills (Chris Zimmer, HAVO).  Responses to soil applications of tebuthiuron and hexazinone were erratic, excellent to poor"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

"1. Cut down and paint stump (all year round): metsulferon-methyl 600g/kg (1g/L) or Tordon (100ml/L). 
2. Cut and squirt (all year round): Make 1 cut every 100 mm around trunk. Apply 1g metsulferon-methyl 600g/kg (made to a paste) or 10ml Tordon Brushkiller or triclopyr 600 EC undiluted to each cut.
3. Spray (all year round): metsulferon-methyl 600g/kg (5g/10L + penetrant) or Tordon Brushkiller (30ml/10L)"  (Weedbusters New Zealand).

Biological:  "Four insect species were found that have significant deleterious effects and, therefore, considerable potential. A leaf gall produced by Tectococcus ovatus Hempel (Homoptera, Eriococcidae) is the most promising due to the damage caused and the ease of handling. Bud galls, precocious developments of the bud that terminate shoot growth, are formed in response to Dasineura gigantea (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). A seed gall induced by Eurytoma psidii Thurbczy and Wikler, in ed. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) cements groups of seeds together and prevents germination of all seeds in the fruit. These latter two species have a significant impact but are more difficult to manipulate in quarantine. A shoot gall produced by Eurytoma cattleianii or Eurytoma desantisi (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) terminates further growth of the shoot. The species are difficult to handle in the laboratory. The biological control potential of three additional species is discussed: a leaf gall formed in response to Neotrioza tavaresi (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) which, though species specific, has little impact on the plants; a sawfly, Haplostegus epimelas Konow (Hymenoptera, Pergidae) is unsuitable because it attacks commercial guava occasionally; and, a chrysomelid Lamprosoma azureum Germar (Coleoptera, Chrysomelldae) is not recommended because it attacks a number of myrtaceous species"  (Smith et al., 2002; p. 108).