Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman; Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: basket grass, bristle basket grass, grass from Tonga, woods grass

Hawaiian: honohono, honohono kukui, honohono maoli

Mangarevan: piri rua ine, pori lue ire

Pohnpeian: rehmaikol

Spanish: cañamazo de monte

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Perennials; culms decumbent, but flowering culms ascending, 2-4 dm long, glabrous or scabrous to short-pilose, nodes usually densely short-pilose.  Sheaths glabrous or appressed pubescent, villous on margins, the surface sometimes hirsute, collar villouos; ligule membranous, 0.6-0.8 mm long, truncate, margins with setae, 1-2 mm long; blades thin, lanceolate, usually somewhat asymmetrical at base, 5-10 cm long, 8-17 mm wide, upper surface very sparsely hispid, lower surface hispid or glabrous, apex acuminate.  Racemes ascending to appressed, 7-15 cm long, the lowest raceme 2-4 cm long, rachis scabrous or hispidulous in upper part, sometimes hispid on upper angles; adjacent spikelet pairs of lower racemes 0.5-4 mm apart; glumes ovate, 5-7-nerved, sparsely pilose, apex acute, first glume with an awn 5-10 mm long, second glume similar to first glume, but with an awn 1-2 mm long; first lemma similar to second glume, 3-4 mm long, short-awned; first palea, if present, hyaline, 3-3.5 mm long; second lemma white, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, 2.5-3 mm long, glabrous, glossy, margins enclosing palea, apex acute; second palea white, ovate, coriaceous, 2-2.5 mm long, glabrous, glossy, apex acute, margins inrolled.  Cayopsis ca. 2.5 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1565).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  "In shady habitats, usually at low elevations" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 860-862). In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and common in lightly shaded to densely shaded mesic valleys and mesic forest, sometimes in disturbed wet forest, 10-920 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1565); "displaces natives on forest floors and trailsides"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Fiji, "moderately common..., occurring from sea level to about 600 m on hillsides and the edges of forest; it is usually found in damp, shady places" (Smith, 1979; pp. 343-344).  "Occasional in sunny places and sometimes in native coastal forest" (Whistler, 1988; p. 54).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Pantropical. Fosberg et al. (1987; pp. 50-51) list as native in Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9501a, Whistler 3454
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Whistler 1402, Whistler 3565
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 52)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 38847) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus hirtellus
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22) "A grass of the forest floor, where it is common and mat-forming". Vouchers cited: A.N. Rodd 1756 (K, NSW), J. Pickard in A.N. Rodd 1443 (K, NSW), C. Moore 37 (K, MEL)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) "A grass of the forest floor, where it is common and mat-forming". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 51 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 52 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 53 (CHR); M. Lazarides 8094 (CANB, K); 1804-1805, F.L. Bauer (K, W)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Raulerson 1094 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Falanruw 3057 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties hirtellus and imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Voucher cited: Herbst & Falanruw 6751 (US); var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Evans 2209 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties hirtellus and microphyllus (Honda) Fosb. & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58912
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Falanruw 1789 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Hosaka 2860 (US, BISH), POM, K)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Fernandina Group	Fernandina Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) As Oplismenus setarius
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) As Oplismenus setarius
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Wolf, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) As Oplismenus setarius
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Niering 740 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 132) var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet, voucher cited: Glassman 2843 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 59) Voucher cited: M.J. Balick 4111 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Vouchers cited: Ledermann 13808 (B), Hosokawa 5577 US); var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Ledermann 13607 (B), Glassman 2843 (US), Hatusima 11128 (FU); var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Nakao in 1941 (KYO)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 43290) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus hirtellus
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg 60112 (US, BISH, POM, Mo, CANB, L, K, TI); var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Kanehira & Hatusima 4336 (FU), Hosokawa 8990 (US)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fulanga Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kanathea Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mango Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbatiki Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nairai Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344) Voucher cited: DA 13245
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vatulele Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 343-344) Vouchers cited: DA 12630 (Melville et al. 7001), DA 8004, DA 8005, DA 16765
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Voucher cited: St. John 14700 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 8) Voucher cited: St. John 14485 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence, D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 9513 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence, D.H. Lorence, S.P. Perlman & W.L. Wagner 9604 b (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) subsp. imbecilis fa. lanceolatus U. Scholz Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39480) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus hirtellus
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12143 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 14) var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 64778 (US), Fosberg 64801 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) subsp. imbecilis (R. Brown) U. Scholz. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10277 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 38703) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103) var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) subsp. imbecilis (R. Brown) U. Scholz. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10347 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 10514 (PAP), J. Florence 10524 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 103) Also var. imbecilis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) subsp. imbecilis fa. imbecilis; also cv. 'Variegatus', cultivée Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11142 (PAP) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 214)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50) Varieties hirtellus, imbecillis and microphyllus.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Voucher cited: G. C. Moore 201 (US); var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Anderson 316 (US, BISH, POM), Stone 3965 (US, GUAM), Fosberg 35299 (US, BISH, POM, BRI, P), Stone 4522 (GUAM); var. microphyllus (Honda) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: G. C. Moore 228 (US), Fosberg 35374 (US, BISH, MO, L, BRI)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Snow, Neil/Lau, Alex (2010) (p. 52) subsp. undulatifolius U. Scholz. Vouchers cited: G.O. Fagerlund & A.L. Mitchell 613 (BISH), M.J. Remy 104 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Snow, Neil/Lau, Alex (2010) (p. 52) subsp. undulatifolius U. Scholz. Vouchers cited: W.L. Wagner et al. 4993 (BISH), S. Ishikawa & D. Herbst 278 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Snow, Neil/Lau, Alex (2010) (p. 52) subsp. undulatifolius U. Scholz. Voucher cited: E.S. Handy 33-15 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Snow, Neil/Lau, Alex (2010) (p. 52) subsp. undulatifolius U. Scholz. Vouchers cited: F. R. Fosberg 9632 (BISH), Whitney s.n. (BISH 119665)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1565)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Snow, Neil/Lau, Alex (2010) (p. 52) subsp. undulatifolius U. Scholz. Vouchers cited: D. Herbst 654 (BISH), H. Mann & W.T. Brigman 328 (BISH), Andersson s.n. (BISH 119697), F.R. Fosberg & K. Duker 8782 (BISH), M.R. Crosby & W.R. Anderson 1716 (BSIH), E.H. Bryan s.n. (BISH 19677)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 22)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 22)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 72) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 22322 (SUVA) Rare
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 457)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	native	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (pp. 553-556) "Shaded slopes and coastal forest".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 247) Voucher cited: CHR 168736
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 55) Voucher cited: Whistler 10873
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Canfield 263 (US), Hosaka 6877 (US), Fosberg 32411 (US, BISH, POM, MO, BRI)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1991) (voucher ID: BNM 9492) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus hirtellus var imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosb. & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Kanehira & Hatusima 4450 (FU)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Evans 604 (US, BISH, K, MO)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 77-80) Var. imbecillis (R. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Hardy 107 (US, BISH)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 50)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Britain Island		Burcham, L. T. (1948) (pp. 419-420) Voucher cited: Burcham 138 (US)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 133) Usually in forest shade, from sea level to above 7000 ft.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11239
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & A.J. Chepstow-Lusty 10731 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1991) (voucher ID: PTBG 16502) Taxon name on voucher: Oplismenus hirtellus
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Sykes 812
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Vouchers cited: Soakai 688, Soakai 736
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 100) Voucher cited: Soakai 890
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	native	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 54)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 72)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	native	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (pp. 553-556) "Shaded slopes and coastal forest".
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Comments:  Includes var. imbecillis (R. Br.) R. & S. and ssp. microphyllus (Honda) Ohwi (see Fosberg et al., 1987; pp. 50-51).

Control: 

Chemical: "Probably susceptible to Glyphosate"  (Motooka et al., 2003).