Oenothera stricta subsp. stricta Ledeb. ex Link, Onagraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  yes

Other Latin names:  Oenothera striata Link

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: dai xiao cao

English: Chilean evening-primrose, common evening primrose, sweet sundrop

Spanish: Don Diego de la noche, amarillo, flor de San José

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Annual or perhaps sometimes biennial herbs; stems erect or rarely decumbent, 3.5-15 dm long, unbranched or with a few side branches, strigillose, especially below, and sparsely to densely villous and glandular pubescent.  Basal leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 10-15 cm long, 0.8-1.3 cm wide, flat or slightly undulate, margins serrate; cauline leaves very narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 2-10 cm long, 0.6-1.2 cm wide, flat or slightly undulate, margins serrate.  Flowers in the upper leaf axils, 1 to several opening each day per stem near sunset; floral tube 2-4.5 cm long; sepals with distinct tips 1-3 mm long; petals yellow, often with a red  spot at the base, broadly obovate, 1.5-2.5 (-3.5) cm long; pollen ca. 50% fertile; stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis.  Capsules conspicuously enlarged at apex, 3-4 cm long.  Seeds in 2 rows per cell, ellipsoid, 1.3-1.8 mm long, with a short beak"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1001).

"Herbacée dressée annuelle ou biannuelle atteignant 1 m de hauteur, reconnaissable à ses feuilles lancéolées et poilues, ses fleurs solitaires de couleur jaune, orange ou rouge à 4 pétales et son fruit sec (une capsule) de forme cylindrique" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized and relatively common in open sites, especially along roadsides, 1,200-2,740 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1001). In Australia, "it inhabits roadsides and other disturbed areas, especially on sandy soils" (Auld & Medd, 1987, cited in Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 181).  "In Chile this species grows in the following environmental conditions:  Low altitude, interior valleys; coastal mountains, 500-2000 m.  Somewhat dry areas where the drought may last 3-5 months, precipitations of 400-800 mm. are concentrated in winter.  Fully exposed to the sun, level areas or slopes facing north"  (Chileflora).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Chile and Argentina, South America, now naturalized on all continents except Antarctica" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1001).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 24, 29) "Nous l’avons observé abondante en haut de plage sableuse à Ovahe où elle envahit le vestige de végétation littorale indigène à Tetragonia tetragonoides & et Boerhavia acutifolia" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1001)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1001) East Maui. Voucher cited: Forbes 1070.M (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 181)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 181)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 181)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Moist, disturbed habitats near streams, roadside ditches, usually escaped from cultivation; 600-2500 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 912) "Behind beaches and in other sandy and stony areas such as river beds, roadsides, railway embankments, and open waste places".
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)	native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1001)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Chile (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Moist, disturbed habitats near streams, roadside ditches, usually escaped from cultivation; 600-2500 m.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Naturalisé"

Control: 

Physical:  "La lutte par arrachage manuelle (arrachage des plants) est réalisable mais difficile en raison du sytème racinaire profond" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).

Chemical:  "La lutte chimique est à proscrire sur la plage sableuse" (Meyer, 2008; p. 24).