Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi, Salicaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Flacourtia euphlebia Merr.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: da ye ci li mu

English: Indian plum, Indian prune, governor's plum, rukam

Fijian: filimoto

French: prunier café, prunier de Chine, prunier malgache

Palauan: chemechong, emechong

Pohnpeian: rukam

Rotuman: firmoto

Samoan: filimoto

Spanish: ciruela de Madagascar

Tongan: filimoto, milo‘uta

Wallisian: filimoto

Habit:  tree

Description:  "A tree 5-15 m high (to 20 m where indigenous), with a trunk to 40 cm in diameter, often thorny on trunk and branches, cultivated in gardens and experimental plots near sea level.  The sepals are greenish yellow, the anthers yellow, and the fruits maturing pink to dark red or purplish" (Smith, 1981; pp. 637-639).

Habitat/ecology:  Trees occur in lowland rainforest from sea level up to about 1600 m.

Propagation:  Trees are mostly self sown. Root suckers are commonly produced.

Native range:  "Malesia, but rare in the Moluccas and New Guinea, and not indigenous in southeastern Asia as noted by various authors; the species is widely cultivated and often naturalized in other tropical areas" (Smith, 1981; pp. 637-639).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (pp. 52-53) "Abundant on all of the islands". Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9520 (BISH), Yuncker 9464 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 144858) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 144875) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (pp. 52-53) "Abundant on all of the islands".
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	native	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 50)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1999) (voucher ID: PTBG 266) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1993) (voucher ID: PTBG 41708) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35374) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34798) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (pp. 52-53) "Abundant on all of the islands". Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9063, Yuncker 9062, Yuncker 9163, Garber 646, Garber 776
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 144865) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1922) (voucher ID: BISH 144870) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 144876) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 144877) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 144878) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34604) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 160)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (pp. 67-68)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 32191) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 144859) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1961) (voucher ID: BISH 144862) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 144866) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 144868) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 144873) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 422305) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430160) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430534) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1961) (voucher ID: BISH 698066) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	cultivated	Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144912) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144924) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144925) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144927) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) var. micronesica
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 15)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 144911) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144913) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 698063) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) var. micronesica
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 15)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144922) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) var. micronesica
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 15)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 11901) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) var. micronesica
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 15)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 11900) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 698062) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 698064) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1935) (voucher ID: BISH 698065) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) var. micronesica
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 59) Voucher cited: Kanehira 1542 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 134) Vouchers cited: D.H. Lorence 7920 (PBG, US), F. Sohl 71 (NY, PTBG), M. Takamatsu 822a (BISH), M. Takamatsu 822 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 15)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 11884) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 144910) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21200) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2005) (voucher ID: PTBG 43754) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 639)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 610607) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618552) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 638040) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 637, 639) Vouchers cited: DA 5524, DA 12175, DA 1566, DA 2633, DA 12996, DA 1502, MacDaniels 1126
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 14606) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 14609) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 144904) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Cultivée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 48)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 174)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) var. micronesica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 128612) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1979) (voucher ID: BNM 757) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Z. & M.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1979) (voucher ID: BNM 1223) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Z. & M.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 14)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 144923) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 650478) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 651084) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 651177) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2006) (voucher ID: BNM 903067) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 174) var. micronesica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 14)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 144920) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 428388) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 361) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Z. & M.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2007) (voucher ID: PTBG 48159) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 174) var. micronesica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 14)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 428614) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 174) var. micronesica
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 14)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Aulupse‘el (Ulebsechel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 174) var. micronesica
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Aulupse‘el (Ulebsechel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 14)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Aulupse‘el (Ulebsechel) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 425841) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam var. micronesica Fosberg & Sachet
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Chelbacheb Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 610728) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Mecherchar (Eil Malk) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013) var. micronesica
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngeremdiu Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2007) (voucher ID: BNM 4527) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. var. Micronesica Fosb. & Sach.
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Ngerukuid (Ngerukeuid, Seventy) Islands		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013) var. micronesica
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 174) var. micronesica
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1980) (p. 14)
Palau Rock Islands (Chelbacheb)	Urukthapel (Ngeruktabel) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1991) (voucher ID: BNM 9532) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. var. Micronesica Fosb. & Sach.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 383)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native cultivated	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Rare.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 113) In forests at low and medium altitudes.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 70)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1905) (voucher ID: BISH 144874) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 66)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28907) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28996) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 77939) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83888) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 144860) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 144861) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 144863) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 144864) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 144867) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 144869) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 144871) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 144872) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 145139) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417490) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417679) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417723) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 6219) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 639)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Santa Isabel (Bughotu) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 144908) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 76)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 639)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: Hurlimann 665, Buelow 1994, Whistler 6327
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: Hurlimann 336, Kirch 343, Buelow 1060, Buelow 1099
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 191) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 336
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 429072) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: Hurlimann 443, Buelow 1289, Whistler 6253
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Erromango Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 406195) Taxon name on voucher: Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (p. 639)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 92)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Evergreen broad-leaved forests; below 2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 102)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native cultivated	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native cultivated	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 43) Vulnerable
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Evergreen broad-leaved forests; below 2000 m.
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native invasive	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Also naturalized.
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Comments:  Characterized as moderately invasive in Rarotonga, Cook Islands (Meyer, 2000; p. 89). Widely naturalized in Rotuma, Fiji, and in Tonga, Futuna and Samoa (Smith, 1981; pp. 637-639). Scattered specimens but not a problem as an invader in American Samoa (Olin Colin Steele, personal communication).

F. rukam var. micronesica Fosb. & Sachet is native to Micronesia and is found in the Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk (Moen, Dublon, Tol, Fefan), Pohnpei) and the Republic of Palau (Koror, Ngarakabesang, Aulupse'el, Urukthapel, Peleliu, Angaur) (Fosberg et al., 1979; p. 174). Listed as present but not invasive in these locations by Swarbrick (1997). Swarbrick also lists it as being present on Guam.

F. jangomas (Lour.) Rauschel is reported by Cronk and Fuller (1995; p. 241) to be a problem species in the Cook Islands while F. indica (Burm.f.) Merr. [=F. ramontchi L'Herit] is reported to be invasive in Florida (US).

Flacourtia indica is cultivated in Hawai‘i (Staples et al., 2000; p. 65).

Control:  If you know of control methods for Flacourtia rukam, please let us know.