Link, Poaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Other Latin names: Digitaria chinensis (Nees) A. Camus; Digitaria hinensis sensu auct. Micr. non Hornem., pro maxima parte
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: zi ma tang |
Chuukese: fatil |
English: crab grass, purple crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass |
Palauan: sau |
Yapese: cafer |
Habit: grass
Description: Grass. "Stems decumbent-ascending, up to 60 cm tall; leaves with the sheaths pilose apically; blades scabrid, 2-6 (-10) cm long, 3-6 mm wide, often reddish; ligule membranous, 1 mm long; spikes 2-9, up to 12 cm long, digitate or subdigitate toward tip of flowering stalk; rachis narrowly winged, 0.5-0.7 mm wide; spikelets less than 2 mm long (usually 1.6-1.8 mm), slender on scabrid pedicels; first glume absent; second glume pubescent, with 2 kinds of hairs (smooth hairs and verrucose hairs), 1-1.2 mm long, 3-nerved; sterile lemma similar but longer, 1.5-1.8 mm long; lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, margin " ciliate; fertile lemma purplish, lanceolate, acute, 1.5-1.7 mm long, dark; caryopsis elliptic-ovate, whitish, 1-1.2 mm long" (Stone, 1970; pp. 211-212).
Description
from GrassBase.
Description from the Flora of China online.
Habitat/ecology: Moist and semi-dry areas to 1700 m elevation or more. In Hawaii, "naturalized in mesic shrubland, grassland, and cultivated fields, 90-1,250 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1532). In Fiji, "common on riverbanks and along the inner edges of mangrove swamps, on hillsides, in cultivation, and along roadsides" (Smith, 1979; p. 324). In Papua New Guinea in natural grasslands from sea level to 8,000 feet (Henty, 1969; p. 80).
Propagation: Seed. A single inflorescence can produce hundreds of seeds.
Native range: Southern and southeastern Asia to the Philippines; naturalized elsewhere (GRIN).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Ofu Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 23)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9488 (BISH) |
|
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Tau Island |
Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 23)
Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9125 (BISH), W. Harris 30 (BISH), W. Harris 353 (BISH), W. Harris 317 (BISH) |
|
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 35) |
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83854)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 22)
"Occasionally growing in sown grassland; possibly native in tropical Asia, but now widely naturalised as a weed species throughout the tropics, including Australia and the Pacific islands". Voucher cited: J. Pickard 3466 (NSW) |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Collected at the entrance to the Takuvaine Valley per Bill Sykes (pers. com.). |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 35)
Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 160 (GUAM) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 127)
Voucher cited: Glassman 2395a (US), Glassman 2439 (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
introduced
invasive |
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 56)
Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 58511 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2439 (BISH), E.Y. Hosaka 3504 (BISH), L. Stemmermann 66031 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 805a (BISH) Naturalized |
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 124235)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 124247)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 503138)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 589094)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697534)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Fais Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Fais Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 3)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 46673 (US) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 124318)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 503374)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Taveuni Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 324)
Voucher cited: DA 8888 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Vanua Levu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 324)
Vouchers cited: DA 5023, DA 8767, Smith 6632, DA 8843 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 324)
Vouchers cited: Greenwood 185, DA 8270, DA 8654, DA 8090, DA 7794, DA 4004, DA 7398, DA 8328, DA 8474 |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: B. Toutain 4273 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Huahine Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 61102 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island | Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 100) | |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335)
Vouchers cited: Moore 49, Fosberg & Sachet 63389, BRY 26061 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Vouchers cited: P. Morat 6939 (PAP), P. Morat 7019 (PAP), J. Florence 3466 (PAP), J. Florence 3584 (PAP), J. Florence 5196 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492170)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607271)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 639440)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38271)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 335)
Voucher cited: Florence 5273 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: J. Florence 10600 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492303)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607270)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 644390)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Adventice |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 211-212)
Voucher cited: Stone 4840 (GUAM) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 124317)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1532) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1532) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lānai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1532) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1532) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1532) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1532) |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands | Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) | |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Maloelap Atoll | Imada, Clyde (2006) | |
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
invasive |
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 70)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 58786 (US) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 91) | |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
|
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 241)
Voucher cited: CHR 168761 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 39-40) |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 124319)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Koror (Oreor) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 124320)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Koror (Oreor) Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 137)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697535)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 80)
Widely-spread in New Guinea, mainly on abandoned garden land and at roadsides, but also in natural grassland, from sea level to 8,000 ft. |
|
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
|
Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 53)
In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. |
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51)
Voucher cited: Parham 9012 |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100381)
Taxon name on voucher: Digitaria violascens Link |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Niuafoou Island |
Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51)
Voucher cited: Buelow 2037 |
|
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 51) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive |
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013)
Naturalised |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013)
Naturalised |
Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Hillsides, roadsides, weedy places; ca. 1000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang. |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
native
|
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 332)
In wasteland. |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 53) | |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 542)
"Grassy roadsides". |
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) | Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 65, 77) | |
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) |
uncertain if introduced
invasive |
Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 34)
Weed of uncertain origin |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Hillsides, roadsides, weedy places; ca. 1000 m. |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago |
Diego Garcia Island |
introduced
invasive |
Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 24) |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 128) |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
Control: If you know of control methods for Digitaria violascens, please let us know.