Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Araceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Arum esculentum L.; Caladium esculentum (L.) Vent.; Colocasia antiquorum Schott

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: suni

Chinese: yu

Chuukese: óni, eot, oat, oot, sawa, wodj, woot, yoot

English: cocoyam, dasheen, dry taro, eddo, elephant's-ear, madumbe, small taro, sweet taro, taro, true taro

Fijian: dalo, dalo ni vuci, mba, mboka, mbotiki, ndalo, ndoko, nggau, qau, rourou, soli, suli, sulo, votuki

French: arouille carri, colocasie, songe, songe blanc, songe sauvage

Hawaiian: kalo

I-Kiribati: te taororo, te taroro

Korean: toran

Kosraean: kohtahk, taka

Kwara‘ae: alo, hui ni kerekere, tiko

Malayan: daun keladi

Mangarevan: pocea, taro, veo

Maori (Cook Islands): māmio, taro, wāwā

Marshallese: jibabwãi, kõtak, katak, kotāk

Mokilese: jawa

Nauruan: de taro

Niuean: talo

Palauan: bisupsal, dait, kukau

Pingelapan: sewa

Pohnpeian: enisohpoadok, onni, sauk, sawa, sawah

Pukapukan: wāwā

Samoan: talo, talo Niue

Satawalese: wot omalu

Spanish: alcocaz, colocasia, malanga, papa China, taro, tayoba

Tahitian: taro

Tokelauan: talo

Tongan: talo, taro

Tongarevan (spoken): talo

Tongarevan (written): taro

Tuvaluan: talo

Ulithian: ioth

Wallisian: talo

Woleaian: uot, woot

Yapese: lak, mal, mul, uot, wot

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Acaulescent herbs up to 1 m tall. Leaf blades glaucescent on lowe3r surface, ovate-cordate to sagittate-cordate, peltate, 25-45 cm long, 12-32 cm wide, anterior lobe 3-4 times longer than posterior lobes, posterior lobes connate 1/3-3/4 their length, venation dark purple to yellow on lower surface, green on upper surface, primary lateral veins 3-8 per side, petioles terete, sheathed in basal 1/2, 40-180 cm long, green, green splotched with purple, or purple, fading to pink near base. Inflorescences 2-7 together, peduncles 15-50 cm long; spathe linear-lanceolate, (10-) 15-40 cm long, constricted 4-6 cm from base to form a greenish, oblong tube, the limb deflexed, yellowish; spadix exserted, 1/4-1/3 as long as spathe, 6-14 cm long, pistillate portion up to 2.5 cm long, sterile staminate portion constricted, 1.5-5 cm long, fertile staminate portion 2-4 cm long, with a shorter and narrower sterile appendage. Berries ellipsoid, 3-5 mm in diameter. Seeds ovoid, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 0.7-1 mm wide" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1357).

Habitat/ecology:  "Riparian habitats, marshes.  Vegetative growth leads to dense populations and its large leaves shade out native vegetation.  Extensive stands of this herb alter the vegetational structure and dynamics of riparian plant communities. Growth seems to be best in the silty soils lining the river-banks" (Weber, 2003; p. 114).

In Hawai‘i, "found persisting outside of cultivation" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1357).

Propagation:  "The plant spreads vegetatively, and plants in the introduced range rarely produce inflorescences.  Rhizome fragments are easily carried by streams, and floods can dislodge bud-laden rhizomes from the banks"  (Weber, 2003; p. 114).

Native range:  Thought to be native to India (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1357).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Garber 1100 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 49)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 37105) Taxon name on voucher: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced abo. intro.	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 49)
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 16) Vouchers cited: Bryan 1364, Diefenderfer s.n.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 108)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 204)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 21) "Naturalised from cultivation here and there". Vouchers cited: J. Pickard 3335 (NSW), A.N. Rodd 1436 & J. Pickard (NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced cultivated	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) "Cultivated". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 442 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 662(CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 848 (CHR)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (pp. 478, 524, 552) Voucher cited: Danton I(5/365)1709. "Esta planta presenta hojas anchas y fuertes rizomas carnosos (es el taró polinesico) crece en lugares húmedos y bordes de esteros. Esta en via de naturalzación en el pueblo de San Juan Bautista y debe ser limitada y luego vigilada de muy muy cerca".
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 17-18) Voucher cited: Anderson 413 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91) ?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (pp. 17-18) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31376 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59040
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Nassau Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etal (Ettan) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	East Fayu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Losap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll [xxx]	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nama Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (pp. 77-78)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 29)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namonuito (Namonweito, Nómwun Wiité) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nomwin (Nómwiin) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pulusuk Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 38) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 307 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Ulalu (Romonum) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 6)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Ant Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Mokil (Mwokil) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 108)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 34) Vouchers cited: M. J. Balick 4126 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 125 (NY, PTBG), F. Sohl 36 (NY, PTBG), M. Takamatsu 118 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 231 (BISH), Takamatsu 280 (BISH), Takamatsu 751 (BISH), Takamatsu 769 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2006) (voucher ID: PTBG 34892) Taxon name on voucher: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 42797) Taxon name on voucher: Colocasia esculenta
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 112)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Evans 385 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46863 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native cultivated abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 456-457) Vouchers cited: Barrau 573, DA 815
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 10) Voucher cited: St. John 14695 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 10) Voucher cited: St. John 14661 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence, L. Dunn, S.P. Perlman, K.R. Wood & J.-Y. Meyer 9029 (PAP) Naturalized locally.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 19)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 307) Voucher cited: Moore 351
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Manuae (Scilly) Atoll (Society Islands)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 9)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 307) Voucher cited: Grant 4633
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 38) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Sachet 54644 (US); "not seen in 1982"
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced cultivated	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 16)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	probably introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 120)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1357) Persisting outside of cultivation.
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) Var. aquatilis (Hassk.) Kitam. ex M.Hotta
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 18)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91) ?
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tabiteuea Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ebon (Epoon) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jabat (Jebat) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 2) "Uncommon; a few small plantings by houses, in Bikini Projects camp; some plants seemingly growing without cultivation into wetland area just north of school".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 104)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34013 (US) Persisting in taro pits.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Namu Atoll		Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. ii) Voucher cited: Anderson 3637
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 2)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Aur Atoll	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1951) (p. 281)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 24)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 26)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	St. John, Harold (1951) (p. 281) Voucher cited: St. John 21416 (BISH)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mejit (Mãjej) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A4) Occasional; food crop planted by homes, Mili.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 40-41) Voucher cited: Thaman & Manner 27825
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 17) Vouchers cited: Balansa s.n., MacKee 40312
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 77) "Damp to wet waste land".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 156)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 222) Voucher cited: CHR 169957
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (pp. 28-30) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9985 (BISH)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) (p. 15)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (2007) (voucher ID: BNM 4465) Taxon name on voucher: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 91)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 75)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (pp. 186-187) Cultivated, not a native.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced cultivated	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 25) Voucher cited: Fosberg & R. Clark 11307
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 59)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 75-76) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Ellison, Joanna C. (1990) (p. 29) On outlier islets of Pangaimotu, Oneata and Ata
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 10)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Unknown (year unknown)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced cultivated	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) var. antiquorum. Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 25) var. antiquorum

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 2)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Widely cultivated usually near farmhouses or in water fields; also naturalized or perhaps native in wet places in forests, valleys, swamps, wastelands, and at watersides.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 299)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 94)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Healy, A. J./Edgar, E. (1980) (p. 77) "Damp to wet waste land".
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 28) Casual
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Widely cultivated usually near farmhouses or in water fields; also naturalized or perhaps native in wet places in forests, valleys, swamps, wastelands, and at watersides.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 110) Garden escape.
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 31)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Rivers, Julie (2004) (pp. 1, 6)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Cultivé/naturalisé"
Maldives Maldive Islands	Addu Atoll		Spicer, R. A./Newberry, D. MacC. (1979) (p. 14)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Maldive Islands		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 13)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		McIntyre, Guy (1991) (p. 39)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 113)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 146)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52115 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 46)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)

Comments:  Escaped from cultivation and naturalized on Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; p. 786).

Control: 

Physical:  Pull or dig out.

Chemical:  Spray with herbicide (Weber, 2003; p. 114).