L., Solanaceae
|
|
|
|
|
L., Solanaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
|
Chamorro: tentanchinu, tinta‘n China, tintan China, tintán China |
|
English: China berry, Chinese inkberry, day cestrum, day jessamine, inkberry |
|
Fijian: thauthau |
|
Hawaiian: mākāhala |
|
Maori (Cook Islands): ariki-va‘ine, ariki-va‘ine |
|
Samoan: sugi vao, suni vao |
|
Tongan: vaitohi |
Habit: shrub
Description: "Glabrous branching shrub to 2.5 m tall, leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, mostly 5-10 cm long and to 2.5 cm wide, medium green, not glossy, paler beneath, short-petiolate; cymes combined in racemes in axils and terminal; flowers subsessile, about 1-1.5 cm long, calyx green, 5-toothed, corolla white, with flowers subsessile, about 1-1.5 cm long, calyx green, 5-toothed, corolla white, with 5 short rounded reflexed lobes (rarely 6); stamens 5 (rarely 6), included; style filiform, stigma capitate and almost or slightly exserted; berry purple to black, ovoid, juicy (purplish), few-seeded, with the calyx persistent at base" (Stone, 1970; p. 516).
Habitat/ecology: Moist and wet forests and open areas. Common in Guam on mixed or limestone soils. In Tonga, "cultivated and an occasional escape" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 240). In Hawai‘i, cultivated and naturalized" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1254).
Propagation: Seed, dispersed by birds.
Native range: Tropical America.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
American Samoa
Manu‘a Islands |
Ta‘u Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 181631)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 33) |
|
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 181636)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
American Samoa
Tutuila Islands |
Tutuila Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 418132)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Northern Mariana Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 102)
"Forest edges" |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2008) | |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2008) | |
|
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 181551)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 244) |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 35-36)
Voucher cited: DA 16446, H.B.R. Parham 306 |
|
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33916)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Marquesas Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 271) |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 271)
Voucher cited: Moore 319 |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 271)
Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 481, Florence 4500, Florenece 4587, BRY 26327 |
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 554443)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 558026)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Manihi Atoll |
introduced
|
Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 36)
Voucher cited: Brooks & Brooks 41 (BISH) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 516)
Vouchers cited: Stone 3777 (GUAM), Stone 4508 (GUAM), Stone 4986 (GUAM) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 244) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 181612)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1916) (voucher ID: BISH 181614)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 181615)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 181616)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 181621)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 402068)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 402078)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 567799)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649485)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 660838)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000179)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1254) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Moloka‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1254) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1254) |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Savai‘i Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1906) (voucher ID: BISH 181632)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Savai‘i Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 181635)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 181633)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 181634)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 428330)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 608929)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Lifuka Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 240)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 15710 Occasional escape. |
|
Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Lifuka Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 181628)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Tonga
Ha‘apai Group |
Lifuka and Foa Islands |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 71) |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
‘Eua Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 59) |
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 29677)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41309)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 699003)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10) |
|
Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 240)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 16138 Occasional escape. |
|
Tonga
Vava‘u Group |
Vava‘u Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 181629)
Taxon name on voucher: Cestrum diurnum L. |
|
|
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Futuna Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985)
Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007 |
Comments: Invasive on Mangaia, Cook Islands (Space & Flynn, 2002).
Initially became widespread on Guam, but now more of a localized problem, possibly indicating local limiting factors (Margie Falanruw, pers. com.).
Control:
Physical: "Seedlings and saplings can be hand pulled or dug out".
Chemical: "Larger plants are cut and the cut stumps treated with herbicide. Effective herbicides are picloram, triclopyr plus imazapyr, or 2,4-D plus picloram. Triclopyr can be used as a basal stem treatment" (Weber, 2003; p. 99).
Additional information:
Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Information on this prohibited species from the Miami-Dade County [Florida] web site.
Photo and additional information at the University of Guam "Plants of Guam" web site.
Information
from the book "Identification and
biology of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas" (PDF format).
Additional online information about Cestrum diurnum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Information about Cestrum diurnum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).
Taxonomic information about Cestrum diurnum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1906. Voucher specimen #BISH 181632 (Vaupel, F. 97).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 181615 (McGregor, R.C. 420).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1916. Voucher specimen #BISH 181614 (Guerrero, J. 716).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 181616 (Nelson, P. 9).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 181633 (Eames, A.J. 205).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 181551 (Wilder, G.P. 750).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 181634 (Christophersen, E. 320).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 181635 (Christophersen, E. 2482).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 181631 (Yuncker, T.G. 9277).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 181612 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3088).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 181628 (Yuncker, T.G. 15710).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 181629 (Yuncker, T.G. 16138).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41309 (Soakai, E. 513).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 181636 (Wisner, A.W. 84).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 699003 (Soakai, E. 855).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 181621 (Stone, B.C.M. 4986).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 402068 (Fosberg, F.R. 46253).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 402078 (Evans, M. 227).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 567799 (Evans, M. 227).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 660838 (Evans, M. 738).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 29677 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1290).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 33916 (Smith, A.C. 16446).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 418132 (Whistler, W.A. W1457).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 428330 (Teraoka, W. 72).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 554443 (Florence, J. 4500).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 558026 (Florence, J. 4587).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649485 (Herbst, D.R. 7226).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000179 (Herbst, D.R. 7226).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 608929 (Cox, P.A. 884).
Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Langeland, K. A./Burks, K. Craddock. eds. 1998. Identification and biology of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. 165 pp.
McCormack, Gerald. 2008. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.
Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.
Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.
Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. 1985. Contribution à la connaissance de la végétation et de
la flore de Wallis & Futuna. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4e sér., 7, section B.
Adansonia 3 : 259-329.
Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. 1991. Trees and shrubs of the northern Mariana Islands. Saipan: Coastal Resources Management Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 96950. 119 pp.
Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.
Smith, Albert C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 5. 626 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2009. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.
Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.
Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.