Buddleja madagascariensis Lam., Scrophulariaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  yes

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 21 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Buddleia madagascariensesLam.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: jiang guo zui yu cao

English: butterfly bush, smoke bush

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Sprawling shrubs 2-3 (-8) m tall; stems densely tomentose.  Leaves opposite, narrowly ovate, 7-12 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, upper surface glabrous, lower surface densely tomentose, margins entire, petioles 1.5-2.5 cm long.  Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid cymes; calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm long, densely tomentose, the lobes ca. 0.5 mm long; corolla orange, densely tomentose externally, glabrous within; ovary pubescent.  Fruit white, becoming bluish purple at maturity, fleshy, globose, indehiscent, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter.  Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 416).

Habitat/ecology:  "A weed of forests and roadsides...invading mesic to humid forests"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in mesic areas between 900-1,200 m". (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 416). In New Caledonia, "peu cultivé, localement spontané en lisière de forêt humide sur schistes" (MacKee, 1994; p. 95).

Propagation:  Bird-dispersed fruits.

Native range:  Madagascar, widely cultivated and often becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 416).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 74) Voucher cited: DA 11113
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 416) Vouchers cited: K. Nagata 2936 (BISH); Herbst & Ishikawa 5526 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David/Flynn, Tim (1999) (p. 4) Voucher cited: D. Lorence & F. Kraus 8147 (PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 416) East Maui. Voucher cited: Ishikawa 201 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, R. T. (2000) (p. 3) East Maui. Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H69911 (BISH), Oppenheimer H89908 (BISH), Oppenheimer & Perlman H89942 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 416) Voucher cited: Neal s.n. (BISH)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 95) Voucher cited: Däniker 2119
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 95) Vouchers cited: Schlechter 15281, Franc 2344, MacKee 8092, MacKee 26760, Suprin 2235

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 2)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) 100-300 m. Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi.
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 241)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 450) "Sand dunes, coastal cliffs".

Comments:  See also B. asiatica and B. davidii.

Control: 

Chemical:  "Katie Cassel of the Kōke‘e Natural History Museum (Kōke‘e Museum) reported good control of stems <3 inches diameter with triclopyr ester at 20% in crop oil applied to basal bark and to larger stems that were frilled"  (Motooka et al., 2003).