L., Primulaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: liu li fan lu |
English: bird's-eye, blue pimpernel, common pimpernel, poison chickweed, poisonous pimpernel, poisonweed, poor man's weatherglass, red chickweed, scarlet pimpernel, shepherd's clock, shepherd's weatherglass, wink-a-peep |
French: buglosse des champs, morgeline, morgeline d'été, mouron, mouron des champs, mouron rouge |
Japanese: rurihakobe |
Spanish: coralillo, hierba del pájaro, murajes, pilpis, pimpinela azul, pimpinela escarlata, pimpinela rosada |
Habit: herb
Description: "Annual, biennial or short-lived perennial herbs; stems quadrangular, prostrate or decumbent, often rooting at the nodes, 1-6 (-9) dm long, forming compact mats. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, 8-20 (-25) mm long, 4-14 (-18) mm wide, glabrous, apex acute, base rounded, truncate, or subcordate, sessile and somewhat clasping the stem. Flowers on slender pedicels 5-40 mm long, recurved in fruit; sepals lanceolate, 3-5 mm long, margins scarious toward base; corolla salmon, sometimes blue or various paler colors, the lobes 4-5 (-10) mm long, minutely ciliate toward apex; staminal filaments hirsute with pale bluish hairs. Capsules papery, 4-6 mm in diameter, circumscissile, the style persistent. Seeds dark brown, ca. 0.8 mm long, minutely pitted" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1077).
Habitat/ecology: In Hawaii, "naturalized in dry, seasonally moist, disturbed areas, especially at low elevations, 0-2,450 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1077). In New Zealand, "common to abundant in cultivated land, waste places and most other open disturbed sites, especially stony and sandy areas, depleted and open pastures, coastal cliffs, dry river beds" (Webb et al., 1988; p. 993). "In Chile this species grows in the following environmental conditions: Low altitude, interior valleys; coastal mountains, 500-2000 m; coastal areas, 0-500 m. Humid areas, with almost constant rainfall, short dry periods are possible (generally not longer than 1 month); somewhat dry areas where the drought may last 3-5 months, precipitations of 400-800 mm. are concentrated in winter; dry, arid areas, with long drought periods of 6-10 months, precipitations of 100 mm-300 mm. are concentrated in winter. Some shadow, some protection against direct sunlight, some shadow from vegetation, filtering about 20-40% of light" (Chileflora).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Europe, now widely naturalized (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1077).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
|
Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 207) |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Lord Howe Island |
Lord Howe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 20)
"A common weed of wasteland and exposed soil, especially near the coast". Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 1941 (K), J.D. McComish 74 (K), J.D. McComish 98 (K) |
Australia (Pacific offshore islands)
Norfolk Islands |
Norfolk Island |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 10)
"A common weed of wasteland and exposed soil, especially near the coast". Vouchers cited: G. Uhe 1208 (K), P.S. Green 1485 (A, K) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 551) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
|
Skottsberg, Carl (1953) (p. 222) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 551) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Morro Juanango |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 551) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kahoolawe Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kure Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2003) (p. 30)
Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 010522-6 (BISH) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kure Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2001) (p. 8)
Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 010522-6 (BISH). Occasional near quarters and on runway in compacted sand. |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lānai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Niihau, Lehua Islet |
introduced
invasive |
Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 28)
Voucher cited: K.R. Wood & VanderWerf 9871 (BISH, PTBG, US) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 287)
Naturalized |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
|
Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
f. arvensis |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands) |
introduced
invasive |
Tassin, Jacques (2005) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Lifou |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 119)
Vouchers cited: Däniker 2412, Schmid 1839 (NOU) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88) | |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive |
Tassin, Jacques (2005) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 119)
Vouchers cited: MacKee 3789, Denizot s.n., Veillon 235 (NOU), MacKee 44130; ssp. coerulea Schreb., vouchers cited: MacKee 5065, Suprin 2056 (NOU) |
New Zealand (offshore islands)
Kermadec Islands |
Kermadec Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 993)
"Coastal and lowland areas throughout. Common to abundant in cultivated land, waste places and most other open disturbed sites, especially stony and sandy areas, depleted and open pastures, coastal cliffs, dry river beds". |
New Zealand (offshore islands)
Kermadec Islands |
Raoul Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1977) (pp. 131-132) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Midway Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1077) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Sand Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-3) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Midway Atoll |
Spit Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-3) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) | Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 260) | |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 171) |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Cultivated areas, wasteland, roadsides. Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
native
|
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 120) |
Japan
Japan |
Japan | Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 262) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 187) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 171) |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 993) |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 171) |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 171) |
Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island |
native
|
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Cultivated areas, wasteland, roadsides. |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (pp. 171, 175) |
Control: If you know of control methods for Anagallis arvensis, please let us know.