DC., Asteraceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: ci bao guo |
English: Texas cockspur, bristly starbur, goat's head, goathead, hispid starburr, starburr |
French: herbe tricorne |
Spanish: carapichno, corona de la reina, cuagrilla, cuajrilla, espinho de cigano |
Habit: herb
Description: "Stems erect, 2-8 dm long, diffusely branched, pubescent with long, spreading and also short, appressed hairs. Leaves elliptic to ovate, 2-10 cm long, 1-7 cm wide, with glands on lower surface, margins serrate to subentire, gradually narrowed to base, sessile. Heads 4-5 mm in diameter at anthesis. Burs cuneate, strongly compressed, 4-7 mm long, the ribs bearing 1-2 rows of hooked prickles 1-2 mm long, the 2 apical prickles stout, curved or straight, 3-4 mm long." (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 252).
"The hairy stem, yellow-green florets, opposite leaves and fruits with hooked spines (two longer than the rest arising from the apex) and arranged in the form of flat stars are the distinguishing characteristics of this species" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 6).
Description from the Flora of China online.
Description from the Flora of North America online.
Habitat/ecology: "Adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. It is particularly adapted to light textured soils but also grows well in heavy textured soils. It is commonly found in cultivated upland crops, roadsides, pastures, waste areas, around corrals, and along railroads and cattle trails. Both seeds and leaves contain phenolic acids that are allelopathic to other plants" (Holm et al., 1997; pp. 6-7). "Found in a wide range of habitats. Common on roadsides, disturbed areas and around settlements. Known to invade pastures and out-compete more desirable native species. Also a weed of crops and a serious contaminant of wool" (Smith, 2002; p. 56).
Propagation: "Seed is spread when adhered to clothing, fur, etc. or as a contaminant of hay and fodder. Seeds also float and can be spread by floodwaters. A prolific seeder, however seeds are reported to be relatively short lived, approximately three years." (Smith, 2002; p. 56).
Native range: Northern South America (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 252).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
Voucher cited: S.P. Perlman, K.R. Wood & J.-Y. Meyer 15871 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 26377)
Taxon name on voucher: Acanthospermum hispidum DC. |
|
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 252)
Voucher cited: Hosaka s.n. (BISH). Naturalized on Molokai Ranch |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 4) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Western Australia Naturalized |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Northern Territory |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 56) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 56) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Costa Rica (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
El Salvador (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Guatemala (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Honduras (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Nicaragua (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Guangdong, Yunnan "A weed of streamsides, roadsides, and waste slopes; below 1900 m". |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
invasive |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 273)
In wasteland. |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 189) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Ecuador (Republic of) (continental) | Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 4) | |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 5) | |
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (Oregon) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
introduced
invasive |
Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (pp. 4, 10) |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Canada
Canada |
Canada |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Ontario Naturalized |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Comments: Prohibited in Western Australia and a declared noxious weed in the Northern Territory (Smith, 2002; p. 56).
Control:
Physical: "Good results have been gained where seeds have been vacuumed from the ground and then burnt" (Smith, 2002; p. 56).