R.Br. ex Aiton, Fabaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: High risk, score: 12 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
English: Australian blackwood, Paluma blackwood, Tasmanian blackwood, black sally, black wattle, blackwood, blackwood acacia, sally wattle, silver wattle |
French: Acacia à bois dur |
Spanish: acacia negra, aromo australiano |
Habit: tree
Description: "Unarmed, evergreen tree 8-15 (-20)m high; trunk straight, crown dense and pyramidal to cylindrical. Leaves: Phyllodes greyish turning dark dull-green, straight to slightly curved, with 3-7 prominent longitudinal veins and fine net-veins between; often bipinnate on young plants and coppice shoots. Flowers: Pale yellow, globular flower heads. Fruits: Reddish-brown pods, narrower than leaves, slightly constricted, twisted; seeds almost encircled by pinkish-red seed stalks" (Henderson, 1995; p. 56).
Habitat/ecology: "Forest edges and gaps, grass- and heathland, scrubland, riparian habitats. In the native range, the plant grows as a shrub or tree in rainforest margins and on stream banks. Where invasive, it forms dense thickets, competing for water and light and replacing native vegetation" (Weber, 2003; p. 17). Native to rainforests in Australia, it is best adapted to cooler, moist sites. In Hawaii, widely planted as a forestry tree, now "naturalized throughout the Kokee State Park region of Kauai" and on East Maui (Lorence et al., 1995; p. 36). "In Chile this species grows in the following environmental conditions: Low altitude, interior valleys. Somewhat dry areas where the drought may last 3-5 months, precipitations of 400-800 mm. are concentrated in winter. Fully exposed to the sun, level areas or slopes facing north" (Chileflora).
Propagation: Seed. Reproduces prolifically after fire. The tree coppices after damage and frequently suckers from the roots (Weber, 2003; p. 17).
Native range: Australia.
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Chile (offshore islands)
Rapa Nui (Easter) Island |
Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua) |
introduced
cultivated |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 35, 41) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 550) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 550) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 36)
Vouchers cited: D. Lorence et al. 5806 (PTBG, US), T. Flynn 1988 (PTBG), T. Croat 44962 (MO, PTBG) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 640)
East Maui |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meidell, J. Scott/Oppenheimer, H. L./Bartlett, R. T. (1998) (pp. 7-8)
West Maui. Voucher cited: Meidell & Oppenheimer 166 (BISH) A serious threat to native shrubland. |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 640) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Molokai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Oppenheimer, Hank (2010) (p. 35)
Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H10810 (BISH, PTBG), Oppenheimer H10812 (BISH, PTBG) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 640) |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 76)
Voucher cited: Gay in MacKee 42361 |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
native
|
Australian Biological Resources Study (2013) |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Australian Capitol Territory, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
native
|
Australian Biological Resources Study (2013) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 708)
"Waste places, often coastal". |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (California) |
introduced
invasive |
Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. (2001) (p. 132) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
invasive |
Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013) |
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
South Africa
South Africa |
South Africa (Republic of) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013) |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2013) |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Comments: A noxious weed species in South Africa (Henderson, 1995; p. 56). Has been used for forestry plantings in Hawaii, New Zealand and South Africa.
Control:
Physical: Pull or dig out small seedlings, making sure to remove roots.
Chemical: Cut large plants and treat the cut stumps with herbicide.
Biological: Melanterius acaciae Lea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) introduced into South Africa and under evaluation (Julien, 1992; p. 72).