L., Poaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: da ling feng cao |
English: big quaking grass, blowfly grass, giant shivery grass, great quaking grass, greater quaking grass, large quaking grass, quaking grass |
French: grande brize |
Spanish: corazón de Jesús, ilusión de corazon grande, pastito de Dios, tembladera, templacera, templaderilla, templeque, zarcillitos |
Habit: grass
Description: "Glabrous annuals, culms 30-60 cm tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at base. Sheaths 4-8 cm long, usually scarious on margins; ligule 3-5 mm long, membranous; blades 10-30 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, thin. Panicles drooping, 5-8 cm long, with few spikelets; spikelets 10-20 mm long, 7-12 mm wide, 9-15-flowered, ovate, on flexuous pedicels; glumes prominently 7-nerved, broad, chartaceous, obtuse, scarious, margins usually brown, first glume 5-5.5 mm long, second glume 6-6.5 mm long; lemmas 8-9 mm long, 7-9-nerved, chartaceous, base cordate, acute, margins usually scarious and brown or purple, upper part pilose; palea cuneate or obtuse, 3-3.5 mm long, keels ciliate. Caryopsis dark brown, 2.5-2.7 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm wide, keeled, beaked" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1504-1505).
Description from GrassBase.
Habitat/ecology: "Grass- and healthland, forests, riparian habitats, coastal beaches. Native habitats include hillslopes, coastal scrub and disturbed sites. It forms dense, species poor swards where invasive that impede the growth and regeneration of native plants" (Weber, 2003; p. 72).
In Hawaii, "cultivated and sparingly naturalized along roadsides, in pastures, and other disturbed areas, 610-1,070 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1505). "In Chile this species grows in the following environmental conditions: Low altitude, interior valleys; coastal mountains, 500-2000 m; coastal areas, 0-500 m. Somewhat dry areas where the drought may last 3-5 months, precipitations of 400-800 mm. are concentrated in winter. Fully exposed to the sun, level areas or slopes facing north" (Chileflora).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: "Europe, widely cultivated for its large, showy panicles" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1505).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 551) |
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Santa Clara |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1504-1505) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1504-1505) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1504-1505)
Voucher cited: Lyon s.n. (BISH) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive |
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013)
Naturalised |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) |
introduced
invasive |
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013)
South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia Naturalised |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
invasive |
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2013)
Naturalised |
British Columbia (province of Canada)
Province of British Columbia |
Canada (British Columbia) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Guatemala (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Honduras (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
introduced
cultivated |
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Gardens. Frequently cultivated. |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
cultivated |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192) |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 88)
"Often near the coast on roadsides and sandy or shingly waste land". |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Belov, Michail (2013) |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Naturalized |
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (Oregon) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (California) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
Also reported from | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Canada
Canada |
Canada |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) |
Control:
Physical: "Plants are easy to hand pull. Mowing before seeds are ripe prevents seed dispersal and kills the plant. Burning before flower open kills the grass and destroys seeds on the soil".
Chemical: "Chemical control is done by spring herbicides, best before the flowering stems emerge" (Weber, 2003; p. 72).