L., Poaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: ye yan mai |
English: common wild oat, flaxgrass, oatgrass, spring wild oat, wheat oats, wild oat |
French: avéron, avoine folle, avoine sauvage, folle avoine |
Japanese: cha-hiki, karasu-mugi |
Spanish: avena guacha, avena loca, avena negra, avena silvestre, avenilla, balango |
Habit: grass
Description: "Stout annuals; culms (2.5-) 4.5-9 (-19) dm tall. Sheaths glabrous, smooth, with margins overlapping and eventually spreading; ligule 2-5.5 (-7) mm long, obtuse, erose-ciliate, often pubescent; blades flat, 3-10 (-15) mm wide, scabrous to somewhat pilose. Inflorescences paniculate, 10-25 (-38) cm long, open; spikelets 2-3 (4)-flowered, rachilla densely pubescent, readily disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes prominently (7-) 9-11-nerved, first glume narrowly lanceolate, 19-26 (-29) mm long, apex acuminate, second glume lanceolate, 20-28 (-30) mm long, apex acuminate; lemmas 14-20 (-23) mm long, 5-7-nerved, the nerves often obscure on the glossy, indurate lower 1/2, glabrous to moderately pilose, bilobed , the lobes less than 1 mm long, callus usually densely pilose, awns usually only on first 2 florets, (18-) 28-45 (-52) mm long, stout, tightly twisted below the knee, tapering above; palea firm, the keels ciliate. Caryopsis pale brown, linear-lanceoloid, ca. 6 mm long, appressed pubescent" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1499).
Description from GrassBase.
Habitat/ecology: "Grass- and woodland, riparian habitats, coastal sand dunes and beaches. A grass that prefers temperate and cool climates, and grows best in moist soils. The grass forms dense swards that displace native grass and forb species" (Weber, 2003; p. 63).
In Hawaii, "common to occasional in pastures and along roadsides, 150-1,280 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1499-1500).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: "Eurasia and northern Africa, introduced into southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the New World" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1499).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1499-1500) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1499-1500) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Lānai Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1499-1500) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1499-1500) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1499-1500)
Voucher cited: Hitchcock 13749 (US) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
introduced
|
Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 83)
Probably merely a casual here, altitude about 1,500 m. |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 40) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 24) | |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
"Weed of cultivated fields, grassy mountain slopes, roadsides and other disturbed places; below 4300 m". |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 323)
On farmlands and abandoned lands. |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 24) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192)
Also var. glabrata Peterm. |
North Korea
North Korea |
North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
South Korea
South Korea |
South Korea (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 24) | |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 303)
"A problem weed of crops, on roadsides and waste land and also in brackish soil and reclamation areas". |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Chile (Republic of) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 24) | |
South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate) | |
Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
"Weed of cultivated fields, grassy mountain slopes, roadsides and other disturbed places; below 4300 m". |
Control:
Physical: "Plants normally do not reproduce from vegetative parts, and mechanical removal may control the plant. Burning can reduce the number of seeds on or near the soil surface".
Chemical: "Emerging seedlings can be killed by soil-applied herbicides such as trifluralin, barban or asulam" (Weber, 2003; p. 63).